Table 1 Study designs of the identified studies
Study | Country | Design | Time horizon | Sample size | Intervention | Inclusion criteria | CHEERS items | CHEC-list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D’Amico et al. [25] (2016) | UK | Trial-based CEA | 3 months | Total: 52 Study group: 30 Control group: 22 | Study group: 12-week individually tailored walking program lasting for 20–30 min daily, designed to become progressively more intensive + standard-of-care Control group: standard-of-care | Diagnosis of dementia defined by ICD-10 DCR, or \(\ge\) 1 BPSD symptoms, and has a carer willing to participate with the exercise regimen | 24 | 18 |
Davis et al. [26] (2013) | Canada | Trial-based CEA | 6 months | Total: 86 Study groups: 28 in RT group and 30 in AT group Control group: 28 | RT group: 2 × 1 h/week resistance training for 6 months AT group: 2 × 1 h/week aerobic training for 6 months Control group: 2 × 1 h/week balance and tone classes for 6 months | Community dwelling women aged 70–80 years, MMSE \(\ge\) 24, answered “yes” to the question “Do you have any difficulty with your memory”, scored \(\ge\) 6/8 on the Lawton and Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living | 24 | 18 |
Davis et al. [27] (2017) | Canada | Trial-based CEA | 12 months | Total: 70 Study group: 25 Control group: 35 | Study group: 3 × 1 h/week aerobic training + standard-of-care + education for 6 months Control group: standard-of-care + education | Diagnosis of mild subcortical vascular cognitive impairment: community dwelling older adults with the presence of cognitive syndrome and small vessel ischemic disease or MoCA score < 26, MMSE score \(\ge\) 20 | 23 | 19 |
Eckert et al. [28] (2021) | Germany | Trial-based CEA | 24 weeks | Total: 118 Study group: 63 Control group: 55 | Study group: 12-week home-based exercise (walking, balance, strength training) by sports scientists with home visits and phone calls Control group: unspecific flexibility training | Cognitively impaired geriatric patients discharged from ward rehabilitation, aged \(\ge\) 65 years, MMSE score range 17–26, living in the community or in assisted living | 24 | 19 |
Kato et al [22] (2022) | Japan | Model-based CEA | 10 years | Total: simulated 1000 | Study group: 90-min weekly session focused on physical and cognitive activities, which was conducted 40 times in the first year. Then, individuals stayed in well or MCI state receive the program twice a year Control group: no intervention | Community-dwelling healthy adults aged 65 years old | 24 | 18 |
Khan et al. [31] (2019) | UK | Trial-based CEA | 12 months | Total: 494 Study group: 329 Control group: 161 | Study group: 2 × (1–1.5) h/week supervised exercise for 4 months + 3 × 50 min/week unsupervised exercise for 8 months; combining aerobic and resistance training + standard-of-care Control group: standard-of-care | Mild-to-moderate dementia: diagnosis of dementia defined by DSMIV and standardized MMSE score of > 10 | 24 | 19 |
Pitkälä et al. [24] (2013) | Finland | Trial-based CEA | 12 months | Total: 210 Study groups: 70 in GE group and 70 in HE group Control group: 70 | GE group: 2 × 1 h/week group-based exercise for 12 months, groups of 10 patients, supervised by 2 physiotherapists and registered nurses HE group: 2 × 1 h/week tailored home-based exercise, supervised by a physiotherapist Control group: standard-of-care | Diagnosis of AD, aged \(\ge\) 65 years, has a spouse living together, and the ability to walk independently | 20 | 15 |
Sopina et al. [32] (2017) | Denmark | Trial-based CEA | 16 weeks | Total: 200 Study group: 107 Control group: 93 | Study group: 3 × 1 h/week for 16 weeks moderate-to-high intensity aerobic exercises (on bicycle, cross trainer and treadmill supervised by physiotherapist) Control group: standard-of-care | Diagnosis of mild AD, aged 50–90 years, MMSE \(\ge\) 20 | 23 | 19 |
Van Santen et al. [23] (2021) | Netherland | Trial-based CEA | 6 months | Total: 112 Study group: 73 Control group: 39 | Study group: 6-month 2 times/week exergaming (interacting cycling) + regular activity program (music listening, singing, arts & crafts, cooking, gymnastics, and outdoor walking) Control group: regular activity program | Diagnosis of any type of dementia, all ages, community-dwelling, > 2 visit/week at the day-care centers, has an informal caregiver willing to participate | 22 | 17 |
Baal et al. [29] (2016) | UK | Model-based CEA | Lifetime | Total: simulated 1000 | Study group: hypothetical increase of physical activity level by 1 level (out of total 5 levels) Control group: no increase | Simulated 2012 English population aged 40–65 years old | 22 | 17 |
Wimo et al. [30] (2022) | Sweden | “Hybrid” CEA | Lifetime | Simulated 100,000 | Study group: A 2-year multidomain lifestyle intervention (individual and group sessions to foster tailored dietary changes, 1 to 3 aerobic exercise and 2 to 5 resistance training sessions per week, and group and individual cognitive training) Control group: standard-of-care with regular health advice | Adults aged 60 to 77 years that are at risk of dementia (with CAIDE dementia risk scores of at least 6 points and cognition near or slightly below that expected for age) | 24 | 19 |