Table 1 Characteristics of the study population according to the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)
From: Cerebrospinal fluid lipidomic fingerprint of obstructive sleep apnoea in Alzheimer’s disease
ALL (N = 91) | Nonsevere OSA (N = 53) | Severe OSA (N = 38) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic data | ||||
Age (years), median [IQR] | 76.0 [72.0; 80.0] | 75.0 [72.0; 80.0] | 78.5 [73.0; 80.0] | 0.178 |
Gender (female), n (%) | 54 (59.3%) | 36 (67.9%) | 18 (47.4%) | 0.08 |
BMI (kg/m2), median [IQR] | 27.7 [24.9; 30.9] | 27.4 [24.6; 30.2] | 28.1 [26.6; 32.7] | 0.022 |
APOE4 (yes), n (%) | 47 (51.6%) | 26 (49.1%) | 21 (55.3%) | 0.71 |
Family history of AD (yes), n (%) | 35 (38.5%) | 17 (32.1%) | 18 (47.4%) | 0.208 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Hypertension (yes), n (%) | 52 (57.1%) | 30 (56.6%) | 22 (57.9%) | 1 |
Diabetes mellitus (yes), n (%) | 18 (19.8%) | 12 (22.6%) | 6 (15.8%) | 0.588 |
Dyslipidemia (yes), n (%) | 43 (47.3%) | 25 (47.2%) | 18 (47.4%) | 1 |
Stroke (yes), n (%) | 5 (5.49%) | 2 (3.77%) | 3 (7.89%) | 0.646 |
Depression (yes), n (%) | 28 (30.8%) | 17 (32.1%) | 11 (28.9%) | 0.929 |
Smoker | 0.763 | |||
Nonsmoker, n (%) | 73 (80.2%) | 41 (77.4%) | 32 (84.2%) | |
Current smoker, n (%) | 1 (1.10%) | 1 (1.89%) | 0 (0.00%) | |
Former smoker, n (%) | 17 (18.7%) | 11 (20.8%) | 6 (15.8%) | |
AD CSF biomarkers | ||||
Aβ42 (pg/mL), median [IQR] | 493 [399; 580] | 489 [393; 584] | 505 [406; 564] | 0.679 |
Total tau (pg/mL), median [IQR] | 494 [350; 696] | 494 [369; 707] | 469 [346; 684] | 0.676 |
Phosphorylated tau (pg/mL), median [IQR] | 81.0 [55.4; 97.5] | 80.0 [58.0; 95.0] | 81.0 [55.1; 98.0] | 0.929 |
Blood lipid levels | ||||
Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 206 (37.4) | 208 (38.5) | 204 (36.2) | 0.613 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 123 (37.5) | 121 (40.5) | 126 (33.1) | 0.559 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), median [IQR] | 57.5 [49.0; 65.0] | 58.0 [48.2; 64.2] | 56.0 [50.5; 65.0] | 0.584 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL), median [IQR] | 113 [88.0; 143] | 118 [91.5; 142] | 113 [82.0; 143] | 0.557 |
Polysomnography data | ||||
AHI | 23.9 [13.7; 50.3] | 15.1 [8.05; 19.5] | 53.3 [42.8; 62.2] | < 0.001 |
Obstructive apnoea index | 5.23 [0.61; 14.1] | 1.22 [0.19; 5.17] | 14.6 [7.68; 23.5] | < 0.001 |
Hypopnea index, median [IQR] | 14.0 [7.86; 26.2] | 10.1 [6.10; 13.9] | 30.6 [22.2; 37.5] | < 0.001 |
Central apnoea index, median [IQR] | 0.19 [0.00; 0.96] | 0.00 [0.00; 0.45] | 0.60 [0.00; 4.06] | 0.007 |
Mixed apnoea index, median [IQR] | 0.00 [0.00; 0.53] | 0.00 [0.00; 0.19] | 0.48 [0.00; 2.44] | < 0.001 |
Arousal index (event/h), mean (SD) | 38.8 (17.4) | 32.9 (16.2) | 47.4 (15.5) | < 0.001 |
CT90, % | 2.67 [0.40; 9.41] | 1.18 [0.20; 3.79] | 6.27 [1.48; 15.1] | 0.002 |
Mean SaO2, % | 93.0 [92.0; 94.0] | 93.0 [92.0; 94.0] | 92.8 [92.0; 93.0] | 0.189 |
Minimum SaO2, % | 84.0 [79.0; 87.0] | 86.0 [82.0; 88.0] | 81.0 [78.0; 85.0] | 0.001 |
Epworth Sleepiness Scale (0–24), median [IQR] | 5.00 [3.00; 8.00] | 5.00 [2.00; 8.00] | 5.50 [3.00; 8.00] | 0.5 |
MMSE | 23.0 [22.0; 25.0] | 23.0 [22.0; 25.0] | 24.0 [22.0; 25.0] | 0.475 |
Medications | ||||
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or memantine, n (%) | 86 (94.5%) | 50 (94.3%) | 36 (94.7%) | 0.999 |
ACE inhibitors, n (%) | 25 (27.5%) | 14 (26.4%) | 11 (28.9%) | 1 |
Beta-blockers, n (%) | 14 (15.4%) | 6 (11.3%) | 8 (21.1%) | 0.33 |
Diuretic agents, n (%) | 24 (26.4%) | 16 (30.2%) | 8 (21.1%) | 0.463 |
Calcium channel blockers, n (%) | 12 (13.2%) | 8 (15.1%) | 4 (10.5%) | 0.748 |
Lipid-lowering agents, n (%) | 41 (45.0%) | 22 (41.5%) | 19 (50.0%) | 0.522 |
Insulin, n (%) | 2 (2.20%) | 1 (1.89%) | 1 (2.63%) | 1 |