Fig. 1

Acrolein adducts in the transfected cells and model mouse tissues. A Immunoblotting of the cell lysates. The transfected neuro-2a cells were analyzed with SDS-PAGE in triplicate. One gel was stained with CBB as a loading control. The other two gels were immunoblotted with anti-C-terminal APP and acrolein antibodies, respectively. The full-length APP (APP-FL) and APP C-terminal fragments (APP-CTFa and APP-CTFß) were indicated. B Morris Water Maze analyses. The time of the mice (n = 9) spent in the target quadrant at 2 and 9 months old was recorded and compared. C Congo red staining of Aß plaques in the mouse brain. Aß plaques in the cortex and hippocampus of the mice (n = 6) were stained. The plaque burden was quantified and compared. D APP immunoblotting of mouse serum and brain lysates. The IgG-removed serum and brain tissues of the mice at 9 months old were immunoblotted with anti-C-terminal APP antibody, and the gel stained with CBB was used as a loading control. The full-length APP (APP-FL), APP C-terminal fragments (APP-CTFs), and Aß oligomers were indicated. E APP immunoprecipitation and acrolein immunoblotting of mouse serum and brain lysates. The IgG-removed serum and brain tissues of the mice at 9 months old were immunoprecipitated with anti-C-terminal APP antibody and then subjected to immunoblotting with anti-acrolein antibody. A duplicated gel was stained with CBB as a loading control. The prestained protein ladder showed some luminance. AD, Alzheimer’s disease; APP, amyloid precursor protein; CBB, Coomassie brilliant blue; CTF, C-terminal fragment; IP, immunoprecipitation; M, marker; V, vector plasmid p-CAX; WT, wild-type. *** p < 0.001