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Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and neuroimaging characteristics across diagnostic groups

From: White matter hyperintensities and smaller cortical thickness are associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms in neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases

 

AD/MCI

(N = 126)

Mean (SD)

ALS

(N = 40)

Mean (SD)

FTD

(N = 52)

Mean (SD)

PD

(N = 140)

Mean (SD)

CVD

(N = 155)

Mean (SD)

Effect size η2/V

F/χ2, p-value

Age (years)

71.03 (8.16)

61.98 (8.74)

67.81 (7.12)

67.94 (6.34)

69.35 (7.36)

η2 = 0.09

F(4,508) = 12.18, p < 0.001a

Sex (F:M) (% F)

57:69 (45.2)

16:24 (40.0)

19:33 (36.5)

31:109 (22.1)

49:106 (31.6)

V = 0.18

χ 2 (4) = 17.11, p = 0.002

Education (years)

15.23 (3.08)

13.83 (2.88)

13.89 (2.73)

15.49 (2.73)

14.69 (2.88)

η2 = 0.04

F(4,508) = 5.09, p = 0.001b

MoCA total score

22.67 (2.99)

25.46 (2.83)

21.48 (3.96)

25.84 (2.57)

25.29 (2.99)

η2 = 0.22

F(4,507) = 12.18, p < 0.001c

ADLs

98.15 (4.59)

87.50 (13.95)

87.58 (15.65)

96.56 (7.34)

98.32 (5.42)

η2 = 0.19

F(4,483) = 27.92, p < 0.001d

iADLs

85.28 (17.29)

78.27 (21.67)

60.99 (27.70)

89.73 (14.06)

91.13 (14.21)

η2 = 0.21

F(4,474) = 32.05, p < 0.001e

Vascular risk

factors, n (% yes)

       

 Hypertension

34 (64.2)

10 (71.4)

19 (70.4)

47 (69.1)

113 (83.7)

V = 0.19

χ 2 (4) = 10.46, p = 0.036

 Diabetes

25 (34.2)

2 (10.5)

8 (27.6)

13 (19.1)

34 (26.2)

V = 0.14

χ 2 (4) = 6.69, p = 0.159

 High cholesterol

58 (79.5)

12 (63.2)

27 (93.1)

57 (83.8)

121 (93.1)

V = 0.24

χ 2 (4) = 17.94, p = 0.001

 Smoking

67 (53.2)

22 (55.0)

28 (53.8)

58 (41.4)

84 (54.2)

V = 0.11

χ 2 (4) = 6.37, p = 0.173

NPI-Q

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

  

 NPI-Q total severity score

3.67 (3.96)

3.08 (3.68)

8.08 (6.24)

3.51 (3.92)

3.16 (3.88)

η2 = 0.11

F(4,469) = 14.00, p < 0.001f

 NPI-Q caregiver distress score

4.12 (5.01)

3.74 (5.29)

9.00 (9.18)

4.05 (5.69)

3.55 (5.34)

η2 = 0.07

F(4,461) = 8.28, p < 0.001g

Neuropsychiatric subsyndromes

Mean (SE)

Mean (SE)

Mean (SE)

Mean (SE)

Mean (SE)

  

 Affective

0.81 (0.11)

0.70 (0.18)

1.35 (0.16)

0.86 (0.10)

0.57 (0.10)

η2 = 0.04

F(4,486) = 4.46, p = 0.002 h

 Apathy

0.86 (0.11)

0.76 (0.19)

2.14 (0.17)

0.76 (0.11)

0.68 (0.10)

η2 = 0.11

F(4,486) = 14.53, p < 0.001i

 Hyperactivity

1.49 (0.18)

0.98 (0.31)

3.41 (0.27)

0.86 (0.17)

1.27 (0.16)

η2 = 0.12

F(4,486) = 17.09, p < 0.001j

 Psychosis

0.48 (0.10)

0.43 (0.16)

1.39 (0.15)

1.01 (0.09)

0.60 (0.09)

η2 = 0.08

F(4,486) = 10.45, p < 0.001k

Regional WMH (mm3)†

Adjusted mean (SE)

Adjusted mean (SE)

Adjusted mean (SE)

Adjusted mean (SE)

Adjusted mean (SE)

  

 Frontal

1508.59 (296.13)

1792.83 (535.23)

1797.59 (455.46)

1957.33 (277.74)

3744.89 (263.99)

η2 = 0.08

F(4,507) = 10.37, p < 0.001l

 Parietal

1090.54 (335.25)

1942.71 (605.93)

1401.15 (515.62)

1715.61 (314.43)

3748.51 (298.86)

η2 = 0.09

F(4,507) = 13.19, p < 0.001m

 Occipital

655.97 (74.45)

750.73 (134.57)

599.54 (114.51)

759.25 (69.83)

900.43 (66.37)

η2 = 0.02

F(4,507) = 2.19, p = 0.069

 Temporal

525.24 (94.64)

644.06 (171.05)

599.86 (145.56)

664.23 (88.76)

1245.17 (84.37)

η2 = 0.07

F(4,507) = 9.57, p < 0.001n

 BGT

82.59 (24.51)

69.62 (44.30)

118.05 (37.69)

181.31 (23.99)

267.43 (21.85)

η2 = 0.09

F(4,507) = 12.55, p < 0.001 o

  1. η2 = Partial Eta Squared V = Cramer’s V
  2. AD Alzheimer’s disease, ADLs Activities of daily living, ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, BGT Basal ganglia/thalamus, CVD Cerebrovascular disease; FTD Frontotemporal disease, iADLs instrumental activities of daily living, MCI Mild cognitive impairment, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, NPI-Q Neuropsychiatric Symptoms Inventory Questionnaire, PD Parkinson’s disease
  3. a ALS < AD/MCI ( p < 0.001), FTD ( p = 0.002), PD (p < 0.001), and CVD ( p < 0.001); PD < AD/MCI ( p = 0.007)
  4. b FTD < AD/MCI ( p = 0.047) and PD ( p = 0.007); ALS < PD ( p = 0.014)
  5. c AD/MCI < ALS, PD, and CVD ( p < 0.001); FTD < ALS, PD and CVD ( p < 0.001).
  6. d ALS < AD/MCI, PD, and CVD ( p < 0.001); FTD < AD/MCI, PD, and CVD ( p < 0.001)
  7. e ALS < PD ( p = 0.003) and CVD ( p < 0.001); FTD < AD/MCI, ALS, PD, and CVD ( p < 0.001)
  8. f FTD > AD/MCI, ALS, PD, and CVD ( p < 0.001)
  9. g FTD > AD/MCI, PD, and CVD ( p < 0.001), FTD > ALS ( p = 0.001)
  10. h FTD > CVD (p < 0.001)
  11. i FTD > AD/MCI, ALS, PD, and CVD (p < 0.001)
  12. j FTD > AD/MCI, ALS, PD, and CVD (p < 0.001)
  13. k FTD > AD/MCI, ALS, and CVD (p < 0.001); PD > AD/MCI (p = 0.001), ALS (p = 0.020), and CVD (p = 0.011)
  14. l CVD > AD/MCI and PD ( p < 0.001); CVD > ALS (p = 0.004)
  15. m CVD > AD/MCI, ALS, and PD ( p < 0.001); CVD > FTD ( p = 0.001)
  16. n CVD > AD/MCI ( p < 0.001), ALS ( p = 0.002), FTD ( p = 0.013), and PD ( p = 0.005)
  17. o CVD > AD/MCI ( p < 0.001), ALS ( p = 0.003), and FTD ( p = 0.023); PD > AD/MCI ( p < 0.001)
  18. † Controlled for age
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Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1758-9193