Table 2 Brain age index in controls and four CMS component groups

Korean females

Control

61.6 ± 8.1

 − 0.67 ± 3.57

T2DM

66.9 ± 9.5

1.51 ± 4.44

1.73 (0.25)

 < 0.001

Hypertension

66.0 ± 8.0

0.39 ± 3.97

0.80 (0.20)

 < 0.001

Obesity

64.8 ± 8.5

0.31 ± 3.69

0.26 (0.94)

0.347

Underweight

62.8 ± 7.6

0.30 ± 4.34

0.77 (0.48)

0.145

Korean males

Control

64.1 ± 8.2

0.70 ± 3.55

T2DM

65.5 ± 8.6

1.82 ± 4.05

0.88 (0.19)

 < 0.001

Hypertension

65.3 ± 8.4

1.29 ± 4.13

0.19 (0.18)

0.309

Obesity

63.4 ± 7.7

1.52 ± 4.03

0.37 (0.23)

0.144

Underweight

67.5 ± 10.7

2.17 ± 3.63

1.24 (0.72)

0.171

UK females

Control

62.0 ± 7.2

 − 0.17 ± 3.50

T2DM

64.4 ± 7.4

1.22 ± 3.87

1.08 (0.20)

 < 0.001

Hypertension

65.2 ± 6.6

0.45 ± 3.79

0.49 (0.13)

 < 0.001

Obesity

61.5 ± 6.7

0.53 ± 3.54

0.32 (0.19)

0.088

Underweight

63.8 ± 7.0

1.60 ± 3.87

1.67 (0.53)

0.002

UK males

Control

61.5 ± 7.5

0.25 ± 3.66

T2DM

65.8 ± 6.8

2.42 ± 3.90

1.55 (0.17)

 < 0.001

Hypertension

65.6 ± 6.8

1.35 ± 3.86

0.73 (0.13)

 < 0.001

Obesity

62.9 ± 7.2

1.72 ± 3.63

0.65 (0.22)

0.004

Underweight

68.0 ± 6.3

 − 1.21 ± 2.28

 − 1.69 (1.42)

0.235