Changes in the neurochemistry of athletes with repetitive brain trauma: preliminary results using localized correlated spectroscopy

Table 3 Statistically significant differences between healthy and RBT subjects

Molecule	Coupling	F2–F1 (ppm)	Control mean volume/Cr	RBT mean volume/Cr	% Diff between mean and RBT	Effect size
Glx-1	-CH2- CH(NH3+)	2.09–3.75	0.112 ± 0.009	0.147 ± 0.017	31 ± 18	3.11
Glx-3		2.07–3.73	0.022 ± 0.002	0.029 ± 0.004	32 ± 21	2.70
Glx-4		2.14–3.74	0.031 ± 0.002	0.042 ± 0.007	35 ± 24	2.88
Glx-6		2.45–2.01	0.018 ± 0.001	0.041 ± 0.011	77 ± 6	6.28
tCho	(CH3)3-N + −CH2-CH2-OH	4.05–4.05	0.250 ± 0.071	0.413 ± 0.051	65 ± 36	3.54
Fucose region and Thr	-CH(OH)-CH3 CH3-CH	(F2: 4.0–4.5, F1: 1.1–1.7)	0.022 ± 0.007	0.036 + 0.011	64 ± 61	2.64
Phe	-CH-(aromatic)-	7.33–7.33	0.024 ± 0.005	0.035 ± 0.008	46 ± 40	2.08

Cross peak volumes were calculated relative to creatine. % Diff is the difference of the control and RBT means divided by the control mean ± the standard deviation. In bold are the proton groups that give rise to the crosspeak chemical shifts indicated in the third column.
Abbreviations: Glx, crosspeaks of glutamate + glutamine; Phe, phenylalanine; RBT, repetitive brain trauma; tCho, total choline; Thr, threonine.

ISSN: 1758-9193