Study (author, year, country) | Study design | Number of participants | Sex | Mean age | MMSE, mean score at baseline | Description of intervention | Total number of sessions | Duration | Control group | Cognitive outcome measures |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[29] Japan | RCT | 39 | 21 females | 79.25 | 4.65 | AMI: Listen to music played on a CD player and clap, sing, or dance RMI: Participants listen to music played on a CD player | 10 | 10 weeks | Standard | Short-term: Faces Scale (p-value < 0.01) Long-term: BEHAVE-AD (p-value < 0.025) |
[26] France | RCT | 48 | 32 females | 87.1 | 10.2 | AMI and RMI: Listening and participating by signing and/or by using percussion instruments to accompany the musical track | 8 | 4 weeks | Cooking sessions | Cognitive abilities (SIB) (p-value = 0.2) |
[34] Spain | RCT | 42 | 28 females | 77.5 | 15.02 | AMI and RMI: Listening to the music played on a high-quality stereo and singing, moving arms and hands, or guessing the name of it | 12 | 6 weeks | Standard | Global cognition (MMSE) (p-value < 0.001) |
[33] France | RCT | 59 | 23 females | 78.8 | 25.07 | AMI: Patients should sing previously chosen songs according to their preferences | 12 | 3 months | Painting intervention | Verbal memory (FCRT) (p-value = 0.001), speed of information-processing and mental flexibility (TMT) (p-value = 0.12) working memory (symbol test and digit span test) (p-value = 0.001), speed of information-processing and inhibition (Stroop test) (p-value = 0.03), mental flexibility and verbal fluency (Letter and Category fluency tests) (p-value = 0.23/p-value = 0.37), cognitive dysexecutive syndrome (FAB) (p-value = 0.37) |
[31] USA | RCT | 53 | 46 females | 60.47 | N/A | RMI: Listening to 12 min of relaxing music of their choice | N/A | 12 weeks | Kritan Kriya meditation program | Memory functioning (MFQ) (p-value = 0.007), executive function (TMT) (p-value = 0.006), psychomotor speed, attention, and working memory (DSST) (p-value = 0.04) |
[30] China | RCT | 298 | 57 females | 69.7 | 13.26 | AMI: Singing their familiar and favorite songs and if they fail they just listen (RMI) | N/A | 3 months | Standard | Global cognition (MMSE), short-term and long-term memory (WHO-UCLA AVLT), language function (semantic verbal fluency test) (p-value < 0.05) |
[35] China | RCT | 60 | 38 females | 69.8 | 17.63 | RMI: Listening to songs chosen according to the patient’s pathogenic condition, education level, and personal preferences | N/A | 3 months | Standard | Global cognition (MMSE and MoCA) (MMSE: p-value = 0.003, MoCA p-value = 0.000) |
[36] Spain | RCT | 90 | 55 females | 80.87 | 18.035 | AMI: Participants keep rhythm by clapping hands, dancing or music quiz RMI: Participants listen to music played on a CD player | 12 | 3 months | Watching nature videos | Global cognition (MMSE) (AMI: p-value < 0.001 RMI: p-value < 0.001) |