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Table 1 Demographic, clinical characteristics, and biomarker patterns per diagnostic group

From: The dynamics of plasma biomarkers across the Alzheimer’s continuum

Characteristic

CU A−T−

N = 43

CU A+T−

N = 17

CU A+T+

N = 17

CU A−T+

N = 16

MCI−

N = 48

MCI+

N = 36

AD dementia

N = 93

Non-AD dementia

N = 68

P-value

Age, years

57.02 (6.76)

61.65 (9.56)

68.06 (10.87)

58.88 (7.21)

61.69 (10.71)

66.72 (9.82)

59.48 (8.28)

62.41 (8.70)

<0.001

Male

18 (41.86%)

10 (58.82%)

7 (41.18%)

6 (37.50%)

25 (52.08%)

15 (41.67%)

38 (40.86%)

40 (58.82%)

0.303

Education, years

10.49 (4.22)

9.00 (3.00)

7.35 (4.86)

11.06 (3.43)

8.91 (3.72)

9.61 (3.11)

8.52 (4.26)

8.52 (4.00)

0.057

APOE ε4 carrier

3 (7.14%)

3 (18.75%)

3 (17.65%)

2 (12.50%)

12 (29.27%)

8 (24.24%)

33 (37.50%)

15 (28.85%)

<0.001

Family history

1 (2.33%)

0 (0.00%)

0 (0.00%)

0 (0.00%)

5 (11.11%)

3 (9.09%)

4 (4.30%)

4 (6.35%)

0.401

MMSE score

28.70 (1.63)

28.29 (1.53)

26.35 (2.78)

28.38 (1.45)

25.31 (4.39)

25.40 (3.47)

13.76 (6.20)

16.52 (7.71)

<0.001

MoCA score

25.33 (3.01)

25.40 (2.50)

22.50 (4.66)

26.00 (2.39)

18.04 (5.02)

18.29 (4.21)

8.16 (5.77)

10.44 (6.80)

<0.001

Aβ-PET SUVRs

0.98 (0.09)

1.06 (0.10)

1.54 (0.30)

<0.001

Plasma biomarker

 GFAP, pg/ml

49.18 (14.39)

97.10 (41.29)

106.64 (40.73)

49.71 (13.93)

68.10 (29.53)

123.18 (54.82)

262.66 (92.77)

132.18 (68.94)

<0.001

 P-tau181, pg/ml

1.92 (0.78)

1.91 (0.58)

2.92 (1.39)

1.99 (0.67)

1.99 (0.89)

2.88 (1.70)

4.60 (1.82)

2.08 (1.16)

<0.001

 Aβ42/Aβ40

0.07 (0.03)

0.06 (0.01)

0.05 (0.01)

0.06 (0.02)

0.06 (0.01)

0.05 (0.01)

0.05 (0.01)

0.06 (0.01)

<0.001

 Aβ42, pg/ml

4.85 (1.98)

5.17 (1.31)

4.41 (0.99)

4.78 (1.22)

4.91 (1.39)

4.92 (2.53)

4.37 (1.12)

5.45 (1.76)

0.003

 Aβ40, pg/ml

74.94 (25.62)

88.01 (21.57)

89.20 (23.08)

83.04 (28.28)

84.55 (26.24)

96.07 (54.98)

94.83 (24.18)

94.08 (32.42)

0.010

 NfL, pg/ml

11.99 (7.87)

14.12 (8.69)

19.88 (11.39)

13.03 (7.21)

17.27 (11.18)

36.05 (76.90)

28.76 (12.34)

66.28 (74.09)

<0.001

CSF biomarker

 Aβ42, pg/ml

327.31 (81.35)

153.56 (44.18)

150.19 (37.41)

371.14 (118.78)

391.93 (178.47)

165.10 (93.61)

<0.001

 Aβ40, pg/ml

5553.03 (2168.36)

4561.35 (1742.51)

7808.73 (2596.85)

8116.11 (2409.33)

7420.14 (2586.36)

8128.43 (7620.42)

<0.001

 Aβ42/Aβ40

0.07 (0.03)

0.04 (0.02)

0.02 (0.01)

0.05 (0.02)

0.06 (0.03)

0.03 (0.02)

<0.001

 P-tau181, pg/ml

38.45 (7.13)

32.70 (8.69)

69.42 (18.04)

58.16 (8.40)

45.94 (13.50)

58.79 (25.74)

<0.001

 Total-tau, pg/ml

155.34 (41.24)

153.56 (53.91)

345.96 (160.69)

230.80 (73.82)

239.77 (146.34)

328.01 (219.70)

<0.001

  1. Continuous data are described as mean (standard deviations (SDs)), and categorical variables are presented as numbers (percentages). Non-AD dementia refers to frontotemporal dementia and vascular dementia. Patients with AD or non-AD dementia did not have available CSF AD core biomarker data. Only MCI−, MCI+, and AD dementia patients had available Aβ-PET data. Here, we showed average Aβ-PET SUVRs in the middle temporal lobe
  2. Abbreviations: CU cognitively unimpaired, MCI mild cognitive impairment, AD Alzheimer’s disease, APOE apolipoprotein E, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Αβ amyloid-β, PET positron emission tomography, SUVRs standard uptake value ratios, GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein, p-tau phosphorylated tau, NfL neurofilament light, CSF, cerebrospinal fluid