Table 1 Univariate analysis of demographic and clinical parameters in three groups (n=339)

 Age, years (mean ± SD)

60.32 ± 9.87^{a b}

57.36 ± 11.10

57.28 ± 9.18

0.027

 Male, n (%)

106 (67.52)

85 (72.03)

38 (59.38)

0.219

 BMI, kg/m² (mean ± SD)

27.75 ± 3.83^b

28.04 ± 4.19^b

25.00 ± 3.71

<0.001

 Education, years, median (IQR)

11 (3)

12 (7)

12 (4)

0.105

 Hypertension, n (%)

97 (61.78)^{a b}

57 (48.31)

25 (39.06)

0.004

 Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

41 (26.11)

18 (15.25)

11 (18.75)

0.081

 Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

61 (38.85)^b

38 (32.20)

13 (20.31)

0.028

 Drinking, n (%)

44 (28.03)

36 (30.51)

15 (23.44)

0.598

 Smoking, n (%)

33 (21.02)

31 (26.27)

14 (21.88)

0.575

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, median (IQR)

140 (27)^b

137 (23)^b

132 (25)

0.013

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, median (IQR)

85 (15)^b

85 (13)^b

80 (13)

0.021

 Total cholesterol, mg/dl (mean ± SD)

180.54 ± 45.62

184.41 ± 43.69

182.86 ± 33.25

0.781

 Triglycerides, mg/dl, median (IQR)

136.44 (101.00)

136.00 (69.11)

120.50 (73.54)

0.318

 LDL-C, mg/dl (mean ± SD)

109.52 ± 33.63

110.57 ± 29.77

109.29 ± 30.16

0.966

 Glucose, mg/dl, median (IQR)

99.36 (30.78)^{a b}

94.68 (16.20)

93.78 (15.48)

0.001

 Serum CyPA, ng/ml (mean ± SD)

8.95 ± 4.49^{a b}

7.82 ± 4.00

7.09 ± 3.89

0.006

 Serum MMP-9, ng/ml (mean ± SD)

584.63 ± 208.08^{a b}

522.22 ± 188.15

494.92 ± 193.04

0.003

 NDE Aβ₄₂, pg/ml (mean ± SD)

3.18 ± 0.65^{a b}

2.98 ± 0.71^b

2.76 ± 0.65

<0.001

 MMSE scores, median (IQR)

27 (4)^{a b}

29 (1)

30 (1)

<0.001

 MoCA scores, median (IQR)

23 (4)^{a b}

27 (2)

27 (3)

<0.001

 HAMA scores, median (IQR)

7 (8)

6 (6)

7 (5)

0.297

 HAMD scores, median (IQR)

7 (5)

5 (6)

6 (5)

0.077

 ESS scores, median (IQR)

9 (6)^b

8 (6)^b

5 (6)

<0.001

 WMH volume, mm³, median (IQR)

5300.71 (5342.47)^{a b}

4222.46 (3029.90)^b

3275.27 (1787.85)

<0.001

 Total CSVD burden scores, median (IQR)

1 (2)^{a b}

0.5 (1)

0 (1)

<0.001

 AHI, events/h, median (IQR)

33.30 (39.30)^{a b}

22.60 (37.58)^b

2.20 (2.48)

<0.001

  5≤AHI<15, n (%)

32 (20.38)

42 (35.59)

0

  15≤AHI<30, n (%)

39 (24.84)

28 (23.73)

0

  30≤AHI, n (%)

86 (54.78)

48 (40.68)

0

0.014

 ODI, events/h, median (IQR)

26.20 (34.75)^b

17.90 (27.85)^b

1.95 (2.18)

<0.001

 TST, min (mean ± SD)

354.41 ± 62.52

367.72 ± 58.65

364.67 ± 60.06

0.173

 Sleep latency, min, median (IQR)

20.50 (24.00)

19.75 (29.13)

29.50 (34.63)

0.210

 Sleep efficiency, %, median (IQR)

74.90 (21.53)

76.90 (18.55)

78.49 (20.72)

0.234

 Arousal index, events/h, median (IQR)

20.20 (22.55)^{a b}

16.05 (18.70)^b

6.10 (9.20)

<0.001

 Mean SaO₂, %, median (IQR)

94.00 (3.00)^{a b}

95.00 (2.25)^b

96.00 (2.00)

<0.001

 Min SaO₂, %, median (IQR)

82.00 (12.50)^b

82.50 (13.00)^b

90.00 (4.00)

<0.001

 T90, % , median (IQR)

4.60 (13.65)^{a b}

2.45 (9.65)^b

0.00 (0.20)

<0.001

 NREM stage 1 of TST, %, median (IQR)

15.80 (8.65)^{a b}

13.00 (9.03)^b

9.35 (4.98)

<0.001

 NREM stage 2 of TST, % (mean ± SD)

52.09 ± 8.89

52.58 ± 8.20

51.84 ± 7.05

0.821

 NREM stage 3 of TST, %, median (IQR)

15.60 (8.40)^{a b}

17.75 (9.42)^b

20.15 (8.20)

<0.001

 REM stage of TST, % (mean ± SD)

14.21 ± 4.62^b

15.07 ± 4.77^b

17.50 ± 5.20

<0.001