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Table 2 Hazard ratios comparing survival in minority ethnic groups to the White British group for unadjusted and adjusted Cox regression models

From: Ethnicity and survival after a dementia diagnosis: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health record data

Ethnicity

n (%)

Model 1—unadjusted

Model 2—adjusted for age, gender

Model 3—adjusted for age, gender, MMSE, deprivation

Model 4—model 3 + mental health comorbidities

Model 5—model 3 + physical health comorbidities

Model 3 with competing risk of leaving NHS (n = 10,766)a

White British

8993 (63.76%)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Black African

410 (2.91%)

0.48 (0.40–0.57)

0.68 (0.57–0.81)

0.60 (0.50–0.71)

0.60 (0.50–0.71)

0.56 (0.47–0.68)

0.64 (0.52–0.79)

Black Caribbean

1780 (12.62%)

0.57 (0.53–0.62)

0.64 (0.59–0.69)

0.57 (0.52–0.61)

0.57 (0.52–0.61)

0.56 (0.51–0.60)

0.55 (0.50–0.60)

South Asian

448 (3.18%)

0.62 (0.53–0.72)

0.74 (0.64–0.86)

0.70 (0.60–0.82)

0.69 (0.60–0.81)

0.71 (0.61–0.83)

0.68 (0.58–0.81)

White Irish

674 (4.78%)

0.77 (0.69–0.86)

0.89 (0.80–0.99)

0.84 (0.75–0.93)

0.83 (0.74–0.93)

0.82 (0.73–0.91)

0.86 (0.76–0.98)

Any other Asian background

276 (1.96%)

0.69 (0.57–0.83)

0.82 (0.69–0.99)

0.75 (0.62–0.90)

0.76 (0.63–0.91)

0.75 (0.63–0.90)

0.73 (0.58–0.92)

Any other Black background

183 (1.3%)

0.57 (0.45–0.72)

0.69 (0.54–0.88)

0.63 (0.49–0.80)

0.62 (0.49–0.79)

0.62 (0.49–0.79)

0.57 (0.42–0.77)

Any other ethnic group

464 (3.29%)

0.68 (0.59–0.79)

0.76 (0.65–0.88)

0.70 (0.61–0.82)

0.70 (0.60–0.81)

0.71 (0.61–0.82)

0.62 (0.52–0.75)

Any other mixed background

21 (0.15%)

0.52 (0.25–1.09)

0.63 (0.30–1.32)

0.61 (0.29–1.30)

0.63 (0.30–1.32)

0.64 (0.30–1.35)

0.42 (0.16–1.10)

Any other White background

855 (6.06%)

0.69 (0.62–0.76)

0.73 (0.65–0.81)

0.66 (0.59–0.73)

0.65 (0.59–0.72)

0.65 (0.59–0.73)

0.64 (0.56–0.72)

  1. For models including age, MMSE, mental health comorbidities (prior depression, prior schizophrenia/schizotypal/delusional disorders), and physical health comorbidities (HoNOS physical illness subscale, and HoNOS activities of daily living subscale), each of these variables was treated as time-varying covariates and an interaction with time was included in the model
  2. SD Standard deviation
  3. aComplete case analysis used