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Table 9 Results of the mixed models per-protocol analyses on primary outcomes including measures of physical activity, physical fitness, and cognition

From: The effects of a moderate physical activity intervention on physical fitness and cognition in healthy elderly with low levels of physical activity: a randomized controlled trial

Outcome

Intervention group

N = 54

Control group

N = 27

Model A

N = 81

  

Model B

N = 76

  

Physical activity

Mean (sd)

Mean (sd)

B (95% CI)

P value

d

B (95% CI)

P value

d

 Steps per day

  Baseline

4995.66 (1165.82)

4661.67 (1106.72)

      

  9 months

7634.80 (2688.64)

5799.16 (2688.64)

516.79 (− 133.60 to 1167.17)

.12

.45

679.16 (− 25.99 to 1384.31)

.06

.59

 Self-reported PA

  Baseline

115.56 (70.49)

116.07 (73.07)

      

  9 months

127.56 (70.59)

122.56 (74.57)

 − 1.57 (− 19.33 to 16.18)

.86

.02

 − 6.27 (− 25.39 to 12.85)

.52

.09

Physical fitness

Mean (sd)

Mean (sd)

B (95% CI)

P value

d

B (95% CI)

P value

d

 Aerobic capacity

  Baseline

470.57 (88.00)

396.31 (81.67)

      

  9 months

509.72 (113.27)

439.76 (95.95)

 − 10.10 (− 32.90 to 12.69)

.39

.11

 − 12.38 (− 36.44 to 11.68)

.31

.13

 Muscle strengtha

  Baseline

 − 0.04 (1.35)

 − 0.89 (2.43)

      

  9 months

0.43 (1.47)

 − 0.54 (2.04)

0.03 (− 0.19 to 0.25)

.78

.02

0.01 (− 0.23 to 0.25)

.92

.01

 Balance

  Baseline

38.77 (2.56)

36.85 (6.31)

      

  9 months

38.79 (3.14)

39.09 (3.04)

 − 0.60 (− 1.31 to 0.11)

.10

.14

 − 0.69 (− 1.48 to 0.10)

.09

.16

 Gait

  Baseline

4.24 (1.24)

4.14 (1.07)

      

  9 months

3.76 (0.73)

4.34 (1.26)

 − 0.18 (− 0.42 to 0.06)

.14b

.15

 − 0.15 (− 0.41 to 0.11)

.25b

.13

Cognition

Mean (sd)

Mean (sd)

B (95% CI)

P value

d

B (95% CI)

P value

d

 Global cognitiona

  Baseline

0.34 (3.28)

 − 0.70 (2.43)

      

  9 months

1.73 (3.59)

0.53 (3.11)

0.02 (− 0.41 to 0.46)

.91

.01

 − 0.02 (− 0.48 to 0.45)

.94

.01

 EFa

  Baseline

0.37 (2.46)

 − 0.27 (2.17)

      

  9 months

0.99 (2.52)

0.26 (2.45)

0.19 (− 0.23 to 0.60)

.37

.08

0.19 (− 0.27 to 0.65)

.41

.08

 Verbal memorya

  Baseline

 − 0.19 (1.09)

 − 0.19 (0.83)

      

  9 months

0.43 (1.04)

0.23 (0.90)

0.05 (− 0.17 to 0.27)

.68

.05

0.05 (− 0.19 to 0.29)

.69c

.05

 Learninga

  Baseline

0.07 (1.70)

 − 0.58 (1.09)

      

  9 months

0.55 (1.81)

0.61 (1.88)

 − 0.28 (− 0.61 to 0.05)

.10

.18

 − 0.27 (− 0.65 to 0.09)

.14c

.17

  1. aValues standardized over time. bEffect moderation by sex observed. cEffect moderation by APOE ε4 observed. Model A: adjusted for y at baseline, age, and sex. Model B: adjusted for y at baseline, age, sex, education, and ApoE-ε4 carrier status, d Cohen’s d