Table 1 Study data

IP-MS

Nakamura et al. 2018 [17]

(Discovery cohort)

National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG)

n=121 (74.0 years)

62/30/29

41.3% by PET

0.967 (0.942–0.992) ^a

PiB (1.4)

-

-

For PET, Pearson’s r ^a= 0.767

0.960

0.873

3.93% ^a

(Validation cohort)

Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Flagship Study of Aging (AIBL)

n=252 (74.2 years)

156/67/29

54.3% by PET

PiB: 0.889 (0.825–0.952) ^a

Overall: 0.837 (0.787–0.887) ^a

PiB (1.40), FMM (0.55), Florbetapir (1.05)

-

-

For PET, Pearson’s r ^a=

PiB: 0.601

FMM: 0.540

Florbetapir: 0.466

PiB: 0.733

Overall: 0.657

PiB: 0.922

Overall: 0.896

3.62% ^a

ECL

Yamashita et al. 2022 [38]

(Discovery cohort)

MissionAD

n=197 (71.1 years)

MCI due to AD/mild AD

157/40

50.8% by PET

0.941 (0.910–0.973)

FMM, Florbetapir, Florbetaben (based on visual read)

-

-

For PET, Spearman’s r ^b= −0.75

0.96 (0.90–0.99)

0.84 (0.75–0.90)

10.2%

(Validation cohort)

MissionAD

n=200 (70.8 years)

MCI due to AD/mild AD

160/40

50.0% by PET

0.868 (0.816–0.920)

FMM, Florbetapir, Florbetaben (based on visual read)

-

-

For PET, Spearman’s r ^b= −0.73

0.88 (0.80–0.94)

0.72 (0.62–0.81)

10.2%

IP-MS

Ovod et al. 2017 [7]

Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center (ADRC)

n=41

(76.2 years)

27/14 ^c

43.9% by PET/CSF ^c

0.887

PiB

-

-

For CSF, r=0.699

-

-

12.43%

ELISA

Pérez-Grijalba et al. 2019 [25]

AB255 Study

n=59 (72.7 years)

39/20/0

30.5% by PET

0.881 (0.779–0.982)

PiB (1.4)

-

-

For PET, Spearman’s r= −0.464

0.778

0.875

10.49%

IP-MS

Schindler et al. 2019 [18]

Clinical study from Washington University in St. Louis

n=158 (63.7 years)

CDR 0/0.5/1 ^d:

148/9/1

27.2% by PET

0.88 (0.82–0.93)

PiB (1.42), Florbetapir (1.22)

-

-

For PET, Spearman’s r= −0.55 (−0.65 to −0.43)

0.88 (0.75–0.96)

0.76 (0.67–0.83)

12.18%

ECL

Palmqvist et al. 2022 [40]

Panel A+

n=227 (66.5 years)

32/106/89 ^e

48.5% by CSF

-

-

0.87 (0.82–0.91)

0.047 ^f

For CSF, Spearman’s r= 0.64

-

-

-

BioFINDER-1

n=693 (72.4 years)^g

461/232/0

(174 of CU participants had SCD)

41.8% by CSF

0.85 (0.79–0.90)

FMM (1.42)

0.83 (0.80–0.86)

0.066 ^f

For CSF, Spearman’s r= 0.40

-

-

-

IP-MS

Hu et al. 2022 [33]

MissionAD

n=437 (72.4 years)

0/411/17 ^e

(9 with no criteria met)

49.7% by PET

0.86 (0.82–0.89)

Florbetapir, Florbetaben (Centiloid>25)

-

-

-

0.90 (0.86–0.94)

0.71 (0.65–0.77)

9.2%

IP-MS

Schindler et al. 2022 [30]

Knight ADRC

n=152 (68.4 years) ^h

CDR 0/0.5/1 ^d:

138/9/5

32.5% by CSF

-

-

0.86 (0.79–0.92)

0.0673 ^f

For CSF, Spearman’s r= 0.61 (0.50–0.70)

0.86

0.73

9.95%

Knight ADRC

n=103 (68.4 years) ^h

CDR 0/0.5/1 ^d:

99/3/1

25.2% by PET

0.86 (0.77–0.95)

PiB (1.42), Florbetapir (1.19)

-

-

For PET, Spearman’s r= −0.44 (−0.58 to −0.27)

0.85

0.71

9.85%

Multiple

Janelidze et al. 2021 [22]

(Validation cohort)

Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)

n=122 (72.4 years)

51/51/20

48.3% by PET

IP-MS:

0.845 (0.772–0.917)

ECL:

0.740 (0.651–0.829)

SIMOA:

0.685 (0.590–0.781)

IP-MS:

0.662 (0.565–0.758)

SIMOA:

0.634 (0.534–0.734)

Florbetapir (1.11)

-

-

-

-

-

-

(Development cohort)

Biomarkers For Identifying Neurodegenerative Disorders Early and Reliably (BioFINDER)

n=286 (71.6 years)

182/104/0

41.2% by CSF

38.4% by PET

IP-MS:

0.833 (0.787–0.879)

IP-free LC-MS:

0.753 (0.696–0.811)

ECL:

0.727 (0.669–0.784)

ELISA:

0.672 (0.609–0.735)

SIMOA:

0.655 (0.591–0.719)

FMM (1.42)

IP-MS:

0.855 (0.810–0.899)

ECL:

0.778 (0.725–0.832)

IP-free LC-MS:

0.776 (0.721–0.830)

ELISA:

0.697 (0.635–0.758)

SIMOA:

0.687 (0.626-0.748)

0.059 ⁱ

For CSF, Spearman’s r ^b=

IP-MS: 0.66

ECL: 0.48

ELISA: 0.36

SIMOA: 0.31

IP-free LC-MS: 0.46

-

-

-

IP-MS

Li et al. 2022 [31]

AIBL

n=183 (74.2 years)

71/66/46

57.4% by PET

0.84 (0.78–0.90)

PiB, FMM, Florbetapir (Centiloid>25)

-

-

-

0.90 (0.82–0.95)

0.69 (0.58–0.79)

12.3%

BioFINDER

n=100 (71.1 years)

28/51/0 (SMC or SCD=21)

50.0% by PET

0.83 (0.75–0.91)

FMM (1.42)

0.81 (0.73–0.89)

0.066 ⁱ

For CSF, Spearman’s r= 0.59 (0.45–0.71)

For PET, Spearman’s r = −0.52 (−0.65 to −0.35)

0.74 (0.60–0.85)

0.78 (0.64–0.88)

12.3%

ADNI

n=182 (72.5 years)

71/86/0 (SMC or SCD=25)

48.9% by PET

0.82 (0.76–0.89)

Florbetapir (1.11)

0.92 (0.84–1)

0.064 ⁱ

For CSF, Spearman’s r = 0.60 (0.31–0.79)

For PET, Spearman’s r= −0.57 (−0.66 to −0.46)

0.73 (0.63–0.82)

0.84 (0.75–0.91)

12.5%

SIMOA

Tanaka et al. 2021 [37]

Recruited from the memory clinic at the National University Hospital, Singapore

n=68 (74.5 years)

14/0/15

(CIND=30, VaD=9)

33.8% by PET

0.816 (0.704–0.900)

PiB (visually interpreted)

-

-

For PET, Pearson’s r= 0.123

0.696

0.889

-

Multiple

Keshavan et al. 2021 [24]

Insight 46

n=441 (70.7 years)

410/7/0

(24 with prior neurological condition)

18.6% by PET

IP-MS:

0.817 (0.770–0.864)

SIMOA:

0.62 (0.548–0.691)

Florbetapir (0.61)

-

-

-

IP-MS:

0.866

SIMOA:

0.451

IP-MS:

0.719

SIMOA:

0.780

IP-MS:

9.5%

SIMOA:

5.8%

Multiple

Zicha et al. 2022 [28]

ADNI

n=121 (77.9 years)

49/54/18

49.6% by PET

IP-MS:

0.814 (0.736–0.892)

0.715 (0.625–0.805)

ECL:

0.710 (0.617–0.803)

SIMOA:

0.661 (0.563–0.760)

0.645 (0.545–0.745)

IP-MS:

0.643 (0.542–0.743)

Florbetapir (1.11)

-

-

For PET, Spearman’s r ^j

IP-MS: −0.533

−0.369

ECL: −0.390

SIMOA: −0.293

−0.329

IP-MS:

−0.242

-

-

-

IP-MS

West et al. 2021 [32]

Clinical studies from University of Wisconsin, the Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Florida, Washington University School of Medicine, and Precision for Medicine

n=414 (70.0 years) ^k

-

39% by PET/CSF ^l

0.81 (0.77–0.85)

PiB, Florbetapir, Florbetaben ^k

-

-

-

-

-

9.75%

IP-MS

Tosun et al. 2021 [29]

ADNI

n=173 (72.5 years)

87/86/0

48.0% by PET

0.80 (0.65–0.94) ^m

0.87 (0.75–0.99) ⁿ

Florbetapir (1.11)

-

-

-

0.64 ^m

0.79 ⁿ

0.77 ^m

0.75 ⁿ

-

IP-MS

Kaneko et al. 2014 [21]

NCGG

n=62 (74.1 years)

33/12/17

64.5% by PET

0.798

PiB (Scored by nuclear medicine physicians)

-

-

For PET, Pearson’s r= −0.316

0.750

0.773

ECL

Palmqvist et al. 2019 [39]

(Development cohort)

BioFINDER

n=842 (72 years)

513/265/64

43.7% by CSF

-

-

0.77 (0.74–0.81)

0.059 ⁱ

For CSF, Spearman’s r= 0.476

0.75 (0.68–0.80)

0.72 (0.65–0.77)

6.5%

SIMOA

Vergallo et al. 2019 [35]

INSIGHT-preAD

n=276 (76.8 years)

276 with SMC

26.4% by PET

0.794 ^a

Florbetapir (0.7918)

-

-

-

0.781

0.749

5.61% ^a

IP-MS

Hu et al. 2022 [33]

Plasma Test for Amyloidosis Risk Screening (PARIS)

n=249 (74.6 years)

0/172/77

64.7% by PET

0.79 (0.73–0.85)

Florbetapir, Florbetaben, FMM (analyzed by radiologists)

-

-

-

0.85

0.63

8.9%

Multiple

De Meyer et al. 2020 [36]

Flemish Prevent AD Cohort KU Leuven (F-PACK) & Biomarker-based adaptive development in Alzheimer’s disease (BioAdaptAD)

n=199 (70 years)

161/38/0

19.1% by PET

SIMOA:

0.79 (0.73–0.85)

ELISA:

0.78 (0.72–0.84)

FMM (1.38), Florbetaben (1.29)

-

-

For PET, Spearman’s r=

SIMOA: −0.32

ELISA: −0.32

For CSF, Spearman’s r ^b,o=

SIMOA: 0.29

ELISA: 0.41

SIMOA:

0.74 (0.57–0.87)

ELISA:

0.78 (0.62–0.90)

SIMOA:

0.80 (0.72–0.86)

ELISA:

0.75 (0.68–0.82)

SIMOA:

23.0%

ELISA:

15.9%

IP-free LC-MS

Janelidze et al. 2022 [34]

BioFINDER-1

n=381 (71.6 years) ^{h, p}

241/140/0

43.1% by CSF

42.5% by PET

0.788 (0.729–0.847) ^m

0.771 (0.687–0.856) ⁿ

FMM (0.74)

0.790 (0.730–0.851) ^m

0.714 (0.628–0.801) ⁿ

0.091 ^q

-

-

-

-

BioFINDER-2

n=514 (66.2 years) ^{h, r}

350/164/0

33.1% by CSF

31.7% by PET

0.752 (0.691–0.814) ^m

0.670 (0.585–0.755) ⁿ

FMM (0.69)

0.786 (0.732–0.841) ^m

0.703 (0.621–0.784) ⁿ

0.0752 ^s

-

-

-

-

SIMOA

Verberk et al. 2018 [20]

Subjective Cognitive Impairment Cohort (SCIENCe) Project

n=248 (61.0 years)

248 with SCD

23% by CSF

-

-

0.77 (0.69–0.84)

CSF Aβ42 used ^t:

813pg/mL

For CSF, Pearson’s r= 0.38

0.76

0.75

4.5%

SCIENCe Project

n=69

69 with SCD

33% by PET

0.68 (0.55–0.82)

Florbetaben, Florbetapir, FMM, PiB

(Scored by a nuclear medicine physician)

-

-

-

0.70

0.78

4.4%