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Table 1 Characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease patients according to their obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) status. BMI body mass index, AD Alzheimer’s disease, AHI apnoea-hypopnea index per hour, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, APOE Ɛ4 apolipoprotein epsilon 4, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, OSA obstructive sleep apnoea, SaO2 oxygen saturation, CT90 time with SaO2 <90%

From: Blood-based lipidomic signature of severe obstructive sleep apnoea in Alzheimer’s disease

 

All (n=103)

Non-severe OSA (AHI<30/h) (n = 63)

Severe OSA (AHI≥30/h) (n = 40)

p value

Demographic characteristics

 Age at baseline visit (years), median [IQR]

76.0 [72.0; 80.0]

75.0 [71.5; 79.5]

78.0 [72.8; 80.0]

0.14

 Gender (female), n (%)

61 (59.2%)

42 (66.7%)

19 (47.5%)

0.085

 Education (years), mean (SD)

7.31 (2.68)

7.46 (2.32)

7.08 (3.19)

0.511

 BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)

27.7 [25.0; 31.1]

27.6 [24.7; 30.6]

28.1 [26.8; 32.4]

0.081

Medical disorders

 Hypertension (yes), n (%)

60 (58.3%)

37 (58.7%)

23 (57.5%)

0.999

 Diabetes (yes), n (%)

19 (18.4%)

13 (20.6%)

6 (15.0%)

0.999

 Hypercholesterolaemia (yes), n (%)

42 (40.8%)

24 (38.1%)

18 (45.0%)

0.625

 Depression (yes), n (%)

29 (28.2%)

18 (28.6%)

11 (27.5%)

0.999

 Smoker

   

0.662

  Nonsmoker, n (%)

82 (79.6%)

48 (76.2%)

34 (85.0%)

 

  Current, n (%)

1 (0.97%)

1 (1.59%)

0 (0.00%)

 

  Former, n (%)

20 (19.4%)

14 (22.2%)

6 (15.0%)

 

 Family history of AD (yes), n (%)

40 (38.8%)

21 (33.3%)

19 (47.5%)

0.219

 Use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or memantine (yes), n (%)

98 (95.1%)

60 (95.2%)

38 (95.0%)

0.999

Polysomnography parameters

 AHI (events/h), median [IQR]

23.6 [12.2; 47.7]

15.0 [7.47; 20.3]

52.2 [42.3; 62.0]

<0.001

 CT90, %

2.20 [0.31; 9.31]

1.12 [0.18; 4.86]

5.80 [1.07; 14.9]

0.004

 Mean SaO2, %

93.0 [92.0; 94.0]

93.0 [92.0; 94.0]

93.0 [92.0; 93.0]

0.269

 Minimum SaO2, %

84.0 [79.0; 87.0]

86.0 [82.0; 88.0]

81.5 [78.0; 85.0]

0.003

 Arousal index, events/h

37.6 [26.2; 49.5]

29.0 [19.7; 40.6]

46.1 [40.0; 55.8]

<0.001

Epworth Sleepiness Scale (0–24), median [IQR]

5.00 [2.50; 8.00]

5.00 [2.00; 8.00]

5.00 [3.00; 8.00]

0.773

STOP-Bang score

MMSE score

23.0 [22.0; 25.0]

23.0 [22.0; 25.0]

24.0 [22.0; 25.0]

0.512

AD biomarkers

    

 Aβ42 CSF (pg/ml), median [IQR]

493 [399; 580]

489 [393; 584]

505 [406; 564]

0.679

 Total tau CSF (pg/ml), median [IQR]

494 [350; 696]

494 [369; 707]

469 [346; 684]

0.676

 Phospho-tau CSF (pg/ml), median [IQR]

81.0 [55.4; 97.5]

80.0 [58.0; 95.0]

81.0 [55.1; 98.0]

0.929

 ApoE Ɛ4 (carrier), n (%)

55 (53.4%)

32 (50.8%)

23 (57.5%)

0.644

Medications

 ACE inhibitors, %

32 (31.1%)

21 (33.3%)

11 (27.5%)

0.707

 Beta-blockers, %

16 (15.5%)

7 (11.1%)

9 (22.5%)

0.202

 Diuretic agents, %

30 (29.1%)

21 (33.3%)

9 (22.5%)

0.339

 Calcium-channel blockers, %

13 (12.6%)

9 (14.3%)

4 (10.0%)

0.738

 Lipid-lowering agents, %

43 (41.7%)

24 (38.1%)

19 (47.5%)

0.376

 Insulin, %

2 (1.94%)

1 (1.59%)

1 (2.50%)

0.999