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Fig. 1 | Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

Fig. 1

From: Genetically predicted telomere length and Alzheimer’s disease endophenotypes: a Mendelian randomization study

Fig. 1

Workflow diagram of the Mendelian randomization method. (1) Selection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with telomere length (TL). (a) TL is measured in peripheral blood leukocytes through qPCR. (b) Genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) is performed to identify genome-wide hits (Z) associated with mean TL (X) through linear regression models. (2) Mendelian randomization procedure is performed using summary statistics from the GWAS and individual-level data including genotypic information and the outcomes of interest (Y). \({\beta}_{X_j}\), SNP association with TL from the GWAS summary statistics; \({\beta}_{Y_j}\), SNP association with each outcome is calculated through linear regression models using individual-level data for genotypes and outcomes; \({\beta}_{X{Y}_j}\), causal effect of each SNP on one given outcome; βIVW, inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method is applied to obtain a global estimate representing the causal effect of genetically predicted TL on one given outcome while avoiding confounding (C)

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