Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of HC, AD, and FTLD patients

Number

27

48

127

Age, years

48.0 (38.0–68.0)^{a, b}

68.5 (61.8–73.0)^c

64.0 (58.0–70.0)^c

 < 0.001

Sex, female %

55.6

44.3

47.8

n.s

Education, years

11.0 (8.0–13.0)

8.0 (7.5–13.0)

10.0 (8.0–13.0)

n.s

Age at onset, years

–

65.5 (59.0–71.0)

62.0 (55.0–68.0)

n.s

Disease duration, years

–

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

n.s

MMSE

30.0 (29.0–30.0)

24.5 (22.0–27.0)

26.0 (21.0–27.0)

 < 0.001

NPI

–

5.0 (2.0–8.0)^b

11.0 (8.0–18.0)^a

 < 0.001

CDR plus NACC FTLD

–

2.0 (1.5–3.5)^b

4.0 (2.0–8.0)^a

 < 0.001

BADL (lost)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)^b

0.0 (0.0–0.0)^b

0.0 (0.0–1.0)^{a, c}

0.001

IADL (lost)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)^{a, b}

0.0 (0.0–1.0)^c

1.0 (0.0–2.0)^c

 < 0.001

Serum biomarkers

 NfL (pg/mL)

6.7 (4.9–12.1)^{a, b}

21.1 (14.1–26.6)^{b, c}

30.3 (19.2–44.8)^{a, c}

 < 0.001

 GFAP (pg/mL)

66.3 (40.7–92.2)^{a, b}

202.5 (130.2–243.5)^{b, c}

131.8 (94.6–199.6)^{a, c}

 < 0.001

 p-Tau₁₈₁ (pg/mL)

4.0 (2.6–5.9)^a

11.5 (6.5–19.0)^{b, c}

5.2 (3.2–9.4)^a

 < 0.001

 Aβ_1–42/Aβ_1–40 ratio

0.09 (0.08–0.10)

0.08 (0.07–0.11)

0.09 (0.07–0.11)

n.s

TMS measures

 SICI

0.28 (0.16–0.39)^b

0.32 (0.25–0.41)^b

0.62 (0.53–0.78)^{a, c}

 < 0.001

 ICF

1.45 (1.33–1.80)^b

1.31 (1.18–1.54)^b

0.91 (0.77–1.03)^{a, c}

 < 0.001

 LICI

0.40 (0.23–0.63)^b

0.43 (0.25–0.57)^b

0.63 (0.43–0.83)^{a, c}

 < 0.001

 SAI

0.48 (0.40–0.54)^a

0.88 (0.78–0.98)^{b, c}

0.51 (0.47–0.59)^a

 < 0.001