Table 1 Sample characteristics for the whole sample and divided by negative or positive residual measure (better or worse cognitive trajectory than expected given the level of atrophy). Mean (standard deviation (SD)) are presented if not otherwise specified

Age at baseline (years)

72.4 (5.3)

73.2 (5.6)

71.8 (5.1)

Sex (% women)

59%

49%

66%

Years of education

12.4 (3.5)

12.3 (3.6)

12.5 (3.5)

Number of MRI scans (median (range))

3 (2–5)

3 (2–4)

3 (2–5)

Mean whole brain cortical thickness at baseline (mm)

2.31 (0.11)

2.29 (0.11)

2.33 (0.10)

Change in mean whole brain cortical thickness (mm/year)

−0.012 (0.013)

−0.011 (0.015)

−0.012 (0.011)

Number of cognitive test visits (median (range))

3 (2–4)

3 (2–4)

3 (2–4)

MMSE score at baseline

28.9 (1.2)

28.8 (1.3)

28.9 (1.1)

ADAS-Cog delayed recall at baseline (incorrect answers)

2.4 (2.0)

2.8 (2.3)

2.1 (1.8)

TMTB at baseline (seconds)

99.1 (41.1)

107 (45.0)

93.9 (37.4)

Animal fluency test at baseline (correct answers)

21.2 (5.9)

20.4 (6.7)

21.8 (5.2)

mPACC5 at baseline (z score)

0.11 (0.71)

−0.06 (0.84)

0.22 (0.59)

Change in mPACC5 (z score/year)

−0.087 (0.20)

−0.25 (0.21)

0.02 (0.09)

ICV (dm³)

1.10 (0.13)

1.11 (0.13)

1.08 (0.12)

WML volume (cm³; median (range); 11 missing)

5.1 (0.01–89.5)

7.0 (0.06–89.5)

4.1 (0.01–71.5)

APOEe4 allele (% carriers; 5 missing)

33%

37%

30%

CSF Aβ42/40 (% abnormal; 1 missing)

28%

38%

22%

CSF P-tau181 (median (range); pg/ml)

18.1 (8.0–72.5)

19.5 (8.0–56.4)

17.5 (8.0–72.5)

CSF NfL (median (range); pg/ml; 9 missing)

125 (41.5–861)

142 (60.9–861)

119 (41.5–463)

CSF sTREM2 (median (range); ng/ml; 9 missing)

9.7 (3.9–21.3)

9.9 (4.6–21.0)

9.5 (3.9–21.3)

CSF neurogranin (median (range); pg/ml; 9 missing)

711 (217–2179)

728 (225–1932)

708 (217–2179)

CSF GFAP (median (range); ng/ml; 9 missing)

11.9 (3.8–44.9)

12.6 (5.1–44.9)

11.5 (3.8–35.9)

Smoking (% current or former; 56 missing)

48%

52%

45%

Hypertension (%; 1 missing)

37%

33%

39%

Hyperlipidaemia (%; 1 missing)

33%

33%

33%

Diabetes mellitus (%; 1 missing)

8.4%

8.8%

8.1%

Ischemic heart disease (&; 1 missing)

7.9%

9.4%

6.8%

Atrial fibrillation (%; 1 missing)

1.8%

1.9%

1.7%

Congestive heart failure (%; 1 missing)

1.3%

1.3%

1.3%

Stroke/TIA (%; 1 missing)

4.8%

6.3%

3.8%