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Table 2 Crude and adjusted odd ratios of proton pump inhibitor (ref: non-user) for AD

From: Associations between proton pump inhibitors and Alzheimer’s disease: a nested case–control study using a Korean nationwide health screening cohort

Characteristics

N of AD

N of control

Odd ratios for AD (95% confidence interval)

 

exposure/total (%)

exposure/total (%)

Crude

P-value

Model 1†‡

P-value

Model 2†§

P-value

Model 3†§ ⁋

P-value

Exposure to PPI

 Current

1264/17,225 (7.3%)

3588/68,900 (5.2%)

1.46 (1.37–1.57)

 < 0.001*

1.46 (1.37–1.56)

 < 0.001*

1.39 (1.30–1.49)

 < 0.001*

1.36 (1.26–1.46)

 < 0.001*

 Past

1652/17,225 (9.6%)

5873/68,900 (8.5%)

1.17 (1.10–1.24)

 < 0.001*

1.18 (1.11–1.25)

 < 0.001*

1.14 (1.08–1.21)

 < 0.001*

1.11 (1.04–1.18)

0.001*

Duration of PPI use

  < 30 days

1867/17,225 (10.8%)

6663/68,900 (9.7%)

1.18 (1.11–1.24)

 < 0.001*

1.18 (1.12–1.25)

 < 0.001*

1.17 (1.11–1.24)

 < 0.001*

1.13 (1.07–1.19)

 < 0.001*

 30–90 days

1162/17,225 (6.7%)

3885/68,900 (5.6%)

1.26 (1.17–1.35)

 < 0.001*

1.26 (1.18–1.35)

 < 0.001*

1.23 (1.15–1.32)

 < 0.001*

1.18 (1.10–1.27)

 < 0.001*

  > 90 days

1116/17,225 (6.5%)

3437/68,900 (5.0%)

1.36 (1.27–1.46)

 < 0.001*

1.37 (1.27–1.47)

 < 0.001*

1.28 (1.20–1.38)

 < 0.001*

1.26 (1.16–1.36)

 < 0.001*

Duration of PPI use (1st-generation)

  < 30 days

1325/17,225 (7.7%)

4406/68,900 (6.4%)

1.25 (1.17–1.33)

 < 0.001*

1.25 (1.17–1.33)

 < 0.001*

1.20 (1.12–1.28)

 < 0.001*

1.14 (1.07–1.22)

 < 0.001*

 30–90 days

772/17,225 (4.5%)

2434/68,900 (3.5%)

1.31 (1.21–1.43)

 < 0.001*

1.32 (1.22–1.44)

 < 0.001*

1.26 (1.15–1.37)

 < 0.001*

1.19 (1.09–1.30)

 < 0.001*

  > 90 days

591/17,225 (3.4%)

1848/68,900 (2.7%)

1.33 (1.21–1.46)

 < 0.001*

1.33 (1.21–1.46)

 < 0.001*

1.22 (1.11–1.34)

 < 0.001*

1.18 (1.07–1.30)

0.001*

Duration of PPI use (2nd-generation)

  < 30 days

972/17,225 (5.6%)

3479/68,900 (5.1%)

1.14 (1.06–1.23)

 < 0.001*

1.15 (1.06–1.23)

 < 0.001*

1.18 (1.09–1.27)

 < 0.001*

1.13 (1.05–1.22)

0.001*

 30–90 days

530/17,225 (3.1%)

1795/68,900 (2.6%)

1.20 (1.09–1.33)

 < 0.001*

1.21 (1.10–1.34)

 < 0.001*

1.22 (1.11–1.35)

 < 0.001*

1.17 (1.05–1.29)

0.003*

  > 90 days

468/17,225 (2.7%)

1412/68,900 (2.1%)

1.35 (1.22–1.50)

 < 0.001*

1.35 (1.22–1.50)

 < 0.001*

1.31 (1.18–1.46)

 < 0.001*

1.27 (1.14–1.43)

 < 0.001*

  1. Abbreviations: AD Alzheimer’s disease, PPI proton pump inhibitor
  2. *Conditional logistic regression analysis, Significance at P < 0.05
  3. Stratified model for age, sex, income, and region of residence
  4. Model 1 was adjusted for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and total cholesterol
  5. §Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 plus obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) scores
  6. Model 3 was adjusted for model 2 plus gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and H2-blocker
  7. The H2-blocker use was included in the analyses because PPI users may take with or without concomitant use of H2-blockers