Table 5 AD biomarkers used in assessing disease state or prognosis: potential surrogate markers
Source | Biomarkers |
|---|---|
Cerebrospinal fluid | Aβ42 (alone or when measured as a ratio with Aβ40, total tau, or p-tau) |
Total tau | |
Phosphorylated-tau (p-tau; alone or when measured as a ratio with Aβ42) | |
β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) | |
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) | |
YKL-40 | |
Neurogranin | |
Synaptosome-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) | |
Synaptotagmin | |
Visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP-1) | |
Neurofilament light (NfL) | |
Blood | p-tau 181; p-tau 217 |
Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio | |
Neurofilament light (NfL) | |
Imaging | Amyloid PET |
Tau PET | |
MRI atrophy | |
FDG PET hypometabolism |