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Table 3 Association between stimulated oxygenation difference in the orbitofrontal cortex and cognitive impairment-related outcomes (secondary endpoints)

From: Novel diagnostic tools for identifying cognitive impairment using olfactory-stimulated functional near-infrared spectroscopy: patient-level, single-group, diagnostic trial

Variables

Oxygenation difference in the orbitofrontal cortex

Crude model

Adjusted modela

β (95% CI)

P value

β (95% CI)

P value

Mini-Mental State Examination

Olfactory stimulation

0.957 (0.512 to 1.403)

<0.001

1.001 (0.540 to 1.463)

<0.001

None

−0.110 (−0.680 to 0.461)

0.704

0.007 (−0.569 to 0.583)

0.981

SNSB attention

Olfactory stimulation

1.654 (−0.426 to 3.734)

0.118

1.828 (−0.315 to 3.970)

0.179

None

−0.618 (−3.098 to 1.861)

0.622

−0.440 (−2.916 to 2.037)

0.725

SNSB language and related function

Olfactory stimulation

1.292 (0.129 to 2.454)

0.030

1.218 (0.020 to 2.417)

0.046

None

−0.795 (−2.192 to 0.601)

0.261

−0.961 (−2.367 to 0.445)

0.178

SNSB visuospatial function

Olfactory stimulation

0.679 (−0.076 to 1.434)

0.077

0.626 −0.155 to 1.408)

0.115

None

−0.105 (−1.006 to 0.796)

0.818

−0.072 (−0.973 to 0.829)

0.875

SNSB memory

Olfactory stimulation

1.830 (0.802 to 2.858)

0.001

1.963 (0.841 to 3.084)

0.001

None

−0.394 (−1.676 to 0.888)

0.544

−0.361 −1.717 to 0.994)

0.598

SNSB frontal/executive function

Olfactory stimulation

1.817 (0.557 to 3.078)

0.005

1.715 (0.401 to 3.029)

0.011

None

−0.323 (−1.865 to 1.219)

0.678

−0.361 (−1.908 to 1.186)

0.644

Standard uptake value ratio

Olfactory stimulation

9.462 (18.062 to0.862)

0.031

10.083 (19.063 to1.103)

0.028

None

0.391 (−9.878 to 10.660)

0.076

−2.514 (−12.817 to 7.790)

0.629

Hippocampal volume

Olfactory stimulation

0.002 (0.001 to 0.003)

0.007

0.002 (0.001 to 0.004)

0.005

None

−0.001 (−0.003 to 0.001)

0.278

−0.001 (−0.002 to 0.001)

0.543

  1. Numbers in bold indicate statistically significant associations (P < 0.05)
  2. Abbreviations: AD Alzheimer’s disease, CN cognitively normal, MCI mild cognitive impairment, SNSB Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery
  3. aRisk factors were adjusted for age, sex, education (continuous), household income (low, middle, and high), smoking (never or ex-smoker and current smoker), and Charlson comorbidity index (0, 1, and ≥2)