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Table 2 Association between stimulated oxygenation difference in the orbitofrontal cortex and cognitive impairment (primary endpoint)

From: Novel diagnostic tools for identifying cognitive impairment using olfactory-stimulated functional near-infrared spectroscopy: patient-level, single-group, diagnostic trial

Oxygenation difference in the orbitofrontal cortex

Model

CN

MCIc

AD

P trend

Olfactory stimulation

Mean (95% CI)

5.94 (3.13 to 8.74)

−0.22 (−2.48 to 2.04)

−3.96 (−5.69 to −2.23)

 

Adjusted mean difference (model 1a)

1.00 (reference)

6.12 (2.12 to 10.13)

9.93 (5.10 to 14.76)

<0.001

Adjusted mean difference (model 2b)

1.00 (reference)

6.83 (3.15 to 10.51)

9.92 (5.72 to 14.13)

<0.001

None

Mean (95% CI)

1.63 (−1.67 to 4.93)

1.92 (−2.46 to 6.30)

0.93 (−1.71 to 3.57)

 

Adjusted mean difference (model 1a)

1.00 (reference)

−0.47 (−5.57 to 4.63)

1.32 (−4.83 to 7.46)

0.872

Adjusted mean difference (model 2b)

1.00 (reference)

−0.39 (−7.05 to 6.26)

0.51 (−7.11 to 8.12)

0.870

  1. Numbers in bold indicate statistically significant associations (P < 0.05)
  2. Abbreviations: AD Alzheimer’s disease, CN cognitively normal, MCI mild cognitive impairment
  3. aModel 1 was adjusted for age and sex
  4. bModel 2 was adjusted for age, sex, education (continuous), household income (low, middle, and high), smoking (never or ex-smoker and current smoker), and Charlson comorbidity index (0, 1, and ≥2)
  5. cThe diagnostic criteria for MCI were based on the Jak/Bondi comprehensive criteria