Fig. 2

Visual overview of considerations. Visual overview of 26 considerations extracted from the included literature, categorized based on the clinical, personal, or societal context they relate to and the four basic principles of biomedical ethics: beneficence (doing good), non-maleficence (avoiding harm), justice (ensuring fair distribution of resources in accordance with the law), and autonomy (allowing free, informed, and deliberate decisions). Contested issues, e.g., (in) actionability, are ranked under beneficence as well as non-maleficence to reflect the theoretical debate and their subjective nature. Societal considerations are interrelated, e.g., sharing test results can lead to support but also stigma and discrimination. The visual overview highlights the tension between clinicians’ responsibility to weigh the benefits and risks and prevent unnecessary suffering, versus individuals’ right to self-determination