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Table 2 Summary of included studies

From: Altered central and blood glutathione in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis

First author, publication year

Tissue

Analysis method

N (case/HC)

MMSE of case

Mean age

% Male

Brain GSH studies—AD

Mandal, 2015 [35]

Brain: hippocampus, frontal cortex

MEGA-PRESS, reference: water

19/28

23.6

66.2

68%

Marjanska, 2019 [32]

Brain: posterior cingulate, occipital cortex

STEAM, reference: water

16/33

19

73.2

82%

Mullins, 2018 [31]

Brain: posteromedial cortex

J-PRESS, reference: creatine

27/54

25.4

72.2

57%

Shukla, 2019

Brain: anterior and posterior cingulate

MEGA-PRESS, reference: water

18/27

N/A

69.4

70%

Brain GSH studies—MCI

Duffy, 2014 [33]

Brain: anterior and posterior cingulate

PRESS, reference: creatine

54/41

28.7

68

52%

Mandal, 2015 [35]

Brain: hippocampus, frontal cortex

MEGA-PRESS, reference: water

22/28

24.2

66

65%

Oeltzschner, 2019 [34]

Brain: anterior and posterior cingulate

STEAM, reference: creatine

13/26

28.1

69

65%

Shukla, 2019

Brain: anterior and posterior cingulate

MEGA-PRESS, reference: water

19/28

N/A

66.6

71%

Blood GSH studies—AD

Arslan, 2016 [36]

Erythrocyte

DTNB

24/15

N/A

73.5

77%

Aybek, 2007 [37]

Serum

DTNB

62/56

17.8

72.1

47%

Bai, 2018 [38]

Plasma

DTNB

16/16

13.1

N/A

N/A

Baldeiras, 2008 [39]

Plasma and erythrocyte

OPA

42/37

20.9

70.8

39%

Bermejo, 2008 [40]

Erythrocyte

OPA

45/28

N/A

80.0

N/A

Bicikova, 2004 [41]

Serum

HPLC

21/40

N/A

72.5

44%

Fernandes, 1999 [45]

Plasma and erythrocyte

OPA

74/35

N/A

67.2

45%

Gironi, 2011 [43]

Serum

HPLC

25/66

18.9

72.5

36%

Gironi, 2014 [42]

Erythrocyte

HPLC

37/28

N/A

76.1

40%

Gubandru, 2013 [44]

Plasma

DTNB

21/10

10.51

79.9

52%

Hernanz, 2007 [46]

Plasma

HPLC

25/44

N/A

73.4

52%

Kliumiuk, 2019 [47]

Plasma

DTNB

15/50

13.4

80.9

30%

Kosenko, 2016 [48]

Erythrocyte

DTNB

12/14

N/A

76.1

35%

Krishnan, 2014 [49]

Plasma and erythrocyte

DTNB

30/40

4

66.3

54%

Kurup, 2003 [50]

Erythrocyte

DTNB

15/15

N/A

N/A

N/A

Liu, 2005 [51]

Plasma,erythrocyte, and leukocyte

HPLC

33/20

17.7

75.9

45%

Martinez de Toda, 2019 [52]

Whole blood

OPA

20/30

N/A

 

55%

McCaddon, 2003 [53]

Plasma

HPLC

50/57

18

79.0

37%

Mohamed, 2019 [54]

Serum

ELISA

50/25

19.2

69.8

50%

Prendecki, 2018 [55]

Plasma

HPLC

88/80

15.3

73.9

73%

Puertas, 2012 [56]

Plasma

DTNB

46/46

22

74.2

39%

Rani, 2017 [57]

Plasma

DTNB

45/45

3.5

69.6

N/A

Riveron, 2007 [58]

Plasma

DTNB

25/30

N/A

N/A

N/A

Sadhu, 2014 [59]

Plasma

DTNB

104/93

6.4

N/A

54%

Tabet, 2002 [60]

Plasma

Commercial Assay Kit

31/30

13.9

N/A

46%

Vida, 2018 [61]

Whole blood, neutrophil, lymphocyte

OPA

44/38

19.3

75.9

41%

Blood GSH studies—MCI

Baldeiras, 2008 [39]

Plasma and erythrocyte

OPA

85/37

27

70.3

39%

Bermejo, 2008 [40]

Erythrocyte

OPA

34/28

27

78.3

N/A

Gironi, 2011 [43]

Serum

HPLC

20/66

N/A

71.4

33%

Gironi, 2014 [42]

Erythrocyte

HPLC

26/28

21.5

76.5

43%

Hernanz, 2007 [46]

Plasma

HPLC

26/44

N/A

74.4

51%

Martinez de Toda, 2019 [52]

Whole blood

OPA

20/30

25

N/A

50%

Yuan, 2016 [62]

Plasma

Commercial assay kit

138/138

N/A

64.5

51%

  1. Abbreviations: AD Alzheimer disease, DSM Diagnostic And Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DTBN 5,5′-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, GSH glutathione, HC healthy control, HPLC high performance liquid chromatography, MCI mild cognitive impairment, MEGA-PRESS Meshcher-Garwood Point-Resolved Spectroscopy, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, N/A not available, OPA O-Phthalaldehyde, PRESS Point-Resolved Spectroscopy, SMD standardized mean difference, STEAM STimulated Echo Acquisition Mode
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Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1758-9193