Plasma Lipocalin 2 in Alzheimer’s disease: potential utility in the differential diagnosis and relationship with other biomarkers

Table 1 Demographic data and biomarker concentrations

	n	*Age (mean ± SD)*	*Sex (f/m)*	*MMSE (median, IQR)*	*CSF (mean* ± *SD)*			*Plasma (mean ± SD)*
	n	*Age (mean ± SD)*	*Sex (f/m)*	*MMSE (median, IQR)*	*t-tau (pg/mL)*	*p-tau (pg/mL)*	*Ab42 (pg/mL)*	*LCN2 (ng/mL)*
*Cohort 1*
HC	84	64.0 ± 5.3	26/58	NA	NA	NA	NA	105.0 ± 53.7
ND-Dem	25	60.3 ± 15.2	16/9	NA	484 ± 402	NA	NA	78.9 ± 28.1
AD	74	67.6 ± 9.6	38/36	20.0 (9.0)^a	622 ± 434	100.5 ± 58.3	489 ± 317	58.3 ± 28.0
spAD	48	67.4 ± 9.6	22/26	22.5 (8.3)	510 ± 312	85.3 ± 34.1	502 ± 266	63.3 ± 28.3
rpAD	26	67.8 ± 9.6	16/10	17.0 (10.5)	835 ± 540	125 ± 73.9	384 ± 176	49.1 ± 25.7
MCI-AD	14	68.7 ± 7.7	6/8	27.0 (3.0)	571 ± 322	88.3 ± 27.6	569 ± 292	103.1 ± 42.2
MD	7	70.3 ± 10.5	4/3	18.0 (12.5)^a	406 ± 284	91.1 ± 27.6	491 ± 253	53.4 ± 23.9
VaD	28	71.4 ± 9.9	20/8	21 (10.0)^a	333 ± 325	47.3 ± 17.8	754 ± 374	135.0 ± 120.3
VCI-MCI	16	69.5 ± 8.2	11/5	28.0 (2.3)	174 ± 62.0	40.7 ± 10.5	983 ± 195	90.1 ± 24.8
CJD	84	65.7 ± 11.8	51/33	NA	8859 ± 7463	57.9 ± 19.7	482 ± 286	102.3 ± 58.8
FTD	30	65.6 ± 11.4	17/13	20.5 (10.3)^a	371 ± 401	59.8 ± 43.6	693 ± 293	83.2 ± 59.5
LBD	45	70.3 ± 9.7	17/28	21.0 (10.3)^a	320 ± 210	46.9 ± 25.1	637 ± 287	82.2 ± 31.7
*Cohort 2*
HC	28	72.1 ± 6.9^b	19/9	NA	NA	NA	NA	97.6 ± 49.0
Amnestic MCI	27	67.7 ± 9.0	12/15	NA	NA	NA	NA	80.5 ± 21.8
AD	19	69.7 ± 6.0	8/11	NA	610 ± 314	65.0 ± 28.6	390 ± 108	65.1 ± 21.0

HC Healthy controls, ND-Dem Non-neurodegenerative neurological diseases with dementia syndrome, AD Alzheimer’s disease (dementia), rpAD Rapidly progressive Alzheimer’s disease, spAD Slowly progressive Alzheimer’s disease, MCI-AD Mild cognitive impairment with positive AD-related biomarkers, MD Mixed dementia (AD plus vascular), VaD Vascular dementia, VCI-MCI Mild vascular cognitive impairment, CJD Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, FTD Fronto-temporal dementia, LBD Lewy body diseases (dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia), MMSE Mini Mental Status Examination score, SD Standard error, t-Tau CSF Total tau protein, p-tau CSF Phosphorylated tau protein, Abeta42 CSF beta-amyloid 1-42, SD Standard deviation, IQR Interquartile range
^aAvailable MMSE scores (if different from total group size) in AD: n = 71, MD: n = 6, VaD: n = 23, FTD: n = 14; DLB: n = 34
^bFor 3 cases, age was not available

ISSN: 1758-9193