Fig. 3

Disease stage, clinical subtypes, APOE genotype, and white matter hyperintensities in AD in cohort 1. A Plasma LCN2 concentrations in AD patients with different biomarker characteristics. Group comparisons were performed with linear regression models; age and sex were included as covariates. Multiple comparisons were performed with Tukey contrasts. No significant differences were found. A+/−, positive/negative for decreased CSF Abeta 1-42 or Abeta 1-42/1-40 ratio; T+/−, positive/negative for increased CSF p-tau; N+, positive marker of neurodegeneration, either elevated CSF t-tau or medial temporal lobe atrophy on MRI. B Scatter plot of the association between Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) scores and plasma lipocalin 2 (LCN2) concentrations. Spearman coefficients (cc) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and corresponding p-values are indicated. C Plasma LCN2 concentrations in different APOE genotypes in the AD group. Comparison of biomarker concentrations was performed with linear regression models; age and sex were included as covariates. Multiple comparisons were performed with Tukey contrasts. No significant differences were found. D Plasma LCN2 in rapidly progressive Alzheimer’s disease (rpAD) and slowly progressive Alzheimer’s disease (spAD). For comparison between the two groups, a linear regression model including age and sex as covariates was applied; the corresponding p-value is indicated. Bars (B, C, and D) indicate mean and standard error of mean