Table 1 Participant characteristics
Cognitively unimpaired (n = 42) | Mild cognitive impairment (n = 28) | Alzheimer’s disease (n = 32) | Statistics | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Male/female | 28/14 | 24/4 | 32/0 | Fisher’s exact test, p < .001 |
Age, years | 72.1 (7.5) | 74.6 (8.5) | 79.4 (7.6) | F(2,99) = 7.97, p = .001 |
Education, years | 16.1 (2.7) | 15.4 (2.5) | 14.8 (3.5) | F(2,98) = 1.64, p = .20 |
Race/ethnicity, n | Fisher’s exact test, p = .75 | |||
African-American | 9 | 8 | 9 | |
White, non-Hispanic | 30 | 16 | 21 | |
Hispanic | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
Asian American/Pacific Islander | 1 | 2 | 0 | |
Duration of dementia, years | – | – | 4.8 (3.4) | |
MMSE | 29.3 (1.1) | 27.3 (1.9) | 19.8 (5.0) | F(2,99) = 93.06, p < .001 |
Dementia Rating Scale total | 140.0 (3.65) | 133.1 (7.6) | 104.5 (24.0) | F(2,97) = 60.30, p < .001 |
Current medications, n (%) | ||||
Cholinesterase inhibitor | 1 (2%) | 8 (29%) | 23 (72%) | Fisher’s exact test, p < .001 |
Memantine | 0 (0%) | 3 (11%) | 17 (53%) | Fisher’s exact test, p < .001 |
Antidepressant | 6 (14%) | 9 (32%) | 12 (38%) | Fisher’s exact test, p < .001 |
Trails A, s | 39.5 (12.2) | 48.3 (16.7) | 102.6 (62.0) | F(2,92) = 28.62, p < .001 |
Attention average Z-score | − .80 (.61) | − 1.36 (.61) | − 2.37 (1.19) | F(2,92) = 29.25, p < .001 |
Immediate Memory average Z-score | − .16 (.62) | − 1.30 (.75) | − 2.30 (.52) | F(2,92) = 40.99, p < .001 |
Delayed Memory average Z-score | .10 (.64) | − 1.50 (.63) | − 2.49 (.44) | F(2,92) = 102.84, p < .001 |
Hippocampal volume (% of whole brain) | .0050 (.0006) | .0046 (.0007) | .0038 (.0006) | F(2,95) = 30.54, p < .001 |