Fig. 4

Risk gene-informed drug repurposing for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). a A Sankey diagram illustrates a global view of 25 repurposable drug candidates with published evidence for AD. These drugs are linked to their physical binding targets or neighborhood proteins derived from network-predicted AD risk genes. b Network proximity analysis measures the network distance between disease module and drug targets in the human interactome. A subnetwork indicates the molecular mechanism of pioglitazone implicated in AD, which targets six physical binding proteins of which neighborhoods are 12 predicted AD risk genes. c Drugs are grouped by their first-level Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC) codes. The drugs with known anti-AD clinical status, in vitro and in vivo mouse model published data are given. Pioglitazone and febuxostat with anti-AD clinical evidence are highlighted