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Table 1 Balance in baseline characteristics among prevalent users versus non-users of antidiabetic medications—propensity-score-matched cohorts

From: The association of antidiabetic medications and Mini-Mental State Examination scores in patients with diabetes and dementia

 

Metformin Yes (n=514)

Metformin No (514)

p

SMD

DPP-4i Yes (103)

DPP-4i No (389)

p

SMD

Sulfonylurea Yes (640)

Sulfonylurea No (640)

p

SMD

Age

79.1 (6.3)

79.3 (6.5)

0.61

−0.03

77.8 (5.6)

77.6 (6.7)

0.80

0.05

79.1 (6.4)

79.1 (6.2)

0.90

0.01

Female

261 (50.8%)

253 (49.2%)

0.66

0.03

49 (47.6%)

54 (52.4%)

0.71

 

326 (50.9%)

324 (50.6%)

0.91

−0.01

Living alone

204 (39.7%)

204 (39.7%)

0.74

−0.01

34 (33.0%)

123 (31.6%)

0.96

−0.07

248 (38.8%)

244 (38.1%)

0.91

−0.02

Institutionalized

6 (1.2%)

9 (1.8%)

2 (1.9%)

8 (2.1%)

13 (2.0%)

15 (2.3%)

Baseline MMSE

22 (5)

22 (6)

0.95

 

23 (5)

23 (5)

0.53

 

22 (6)

23 (5)

0.27

 

AD

277 (53.9%)

298 (58.0%)

0.19

0.08

56 (54.4%)

222 (57.1%)

0.62

 

335 (52.3%)

348 (54.4%)

0.47

0.04

MixDem

237 (46.1%)

216 (42.0%)

47 (45.6%)

167 (42.9%)

305 (47.7%)

292 (45.6%)

Diabetes duration

6.2 (6.3)

5.7 (6.1)

0.30

0.04

8.9 (4.8)

8.9 (4.7)

0.59

−0.01

7.9 (4.7)

8.1 (5.9)

0.88

−0.02

Charlson index

2 (2)

2 (2)

0.52

−0.03

2 (2)

1 (1)

0.37

0.07

2 (2)

2 (2)

0.52

0.01

Renal disease

22 (4.3%)

24 (4.7%)

0.76

−0.02

10 (9.7%)

23 (5.9%)

0.17

0.06

28 (4.4%)

30 (4.7%)

0.79

−0.01

Antihypertensives

398 (77.4%)

387 (75.3%)

0.42

0.06

87 (84.5%)

326 (83.8%)

0.87

−0.01

524 (81.9%)

518 (80.9%)

0.67

0.02

Statins

351 (68.3%)

329 (64.0%)

0.15

0.10

91 (88.3%)

273 (70.2%)

<0.001

 

468 (73.1%)

461 (72.0%)

0.66

0.02

Antithrombotics

366 (71.2%)

350 (68.1%)

0.28

0.07

79 (76.7%)

273 (70.2%)

0.19

 

466 (72.8%)

464 (72.5%)

0.90

0.01

Antipsychotics

21 (4.1%)

14 (2.7%)

0.23

0.08

4 (3.9%)

11 (2.8%)

0.53

0.06

12 (1.9%)

12 (1.9%)

1.00

0.00

Antidepressants

158 (30.7%)

162 (31.5%)

0.79

−0.02

26 (25.2%)

98 (25.2%)

0.99

0.01

190 (29.7%)

188 (29.4%)

0.90

0.01

ChEI

127 (24.7%)

128 (24.9%)

0.94

−0.01

20 (19.4%)

85 (21.9%)

0.59

−0.04

144 (22.5%)

150 (23.4%)

0.69

−0.02

Other GLDs

162 (31.5%)

171 (33.3%)

0.55

0.04

98 (95.1%)

324 (83.3%)

0.002

 

492 (76.9%)

479 (74.8%)

0.40

0.05

Insulin

161 (31.3%)

150 (29.2%)

0.46

0.04

52 (50.5%)

149 (38.3%)

0.03

 

268 (41.9%)

256 (40.0%)

0.50

0.04

Income

 Low

171 (33.3%)

179 (34.8%)

0.49

−0.01

28 (27.2%)

112 (28.8%)

0.87

−0.01

226 (35.3%)

222 (34.7%)

0.95

−0.01

 Middle

175 (34.0%)

157 (30.5%)

35 (34.0%)

122 (31.4%)

196 (30.6%)

201 (31.4%)

 High

168 (32.7%)

178 (34.6%)

40 (38.8%)

155 (39.8%)

218 (34.1%)

217 (33.9%)

Total eligible

1341 (38.3%)

532 (96.6%)

  

103 (100%)

1770 (22.0%)

  

664 (96.3%)

1209 (52.9%)

  
 

Insulin Yes (543)

Insulin No (543)

p

SMD

TZD Yes (67)

TZD No (260)

p

SMD

    

Age

77.9 (6.9)

78.2 (6.4)

0.51

−0.04

76.3 (5.9)

76.4 (6.4)

0.91

0.01

    

Female

271 (49.9%)

272 (50.1%)

0.76

−0.02

40 (59.7%)

142 (54.6%)

0.46

     

Living alone

196 (36.1%)

193 (35.5%)

0.29

0.01

13 (19.4%)

53 (20.4%)

0.68

−0.04

    

Institutionalized

14 (2.6%)

7 (1.3%)

1 (1.5%)

9 (3.5%)

  

Baseline MMSE

23 (6)

23 (5)

0.97

 

22 (5)

23 (6)

0.84

     

AD

295 (54.3%)

303 (55.8%)

0.63

0.03

44 (65.7%)

154 (59.2%)

0.34

     

MixDem

248 (45.7%)

240 (44.2%)

23 (34.3%)

106 (40.8%)

  

Diabetes duration

8.3 (4.7)

8.4 (5.0)

0.85

0.01

8.3 (4.9)

8.7 (5.1)

0.99

−0.01

    

Charlson index

2 (2)

2 (2)

0.55

−0.02

1 (1)

1.5 (1)

0.74

−0.02

    

Renal disease

24 (4.4%)

23 (4.2%)

0.88

0.01

2 (3.0%)

11 (4.2%)

0.64

     

Antihypertensives

438 (80.7%)

433 (79.7%)

0.70

0.02

56 (83.6%)

216 (83.1%)

0.92

     

Statins

404 (74.4%)

394 (72.6%)

0.49

0.04

50 (74.6%)

196 (75.4%)

0.90

     

Antithrombotics

399 (73.5%)

395 (72.7%)

0.78

0.02

44 (65.7%)

183 (70.4%)

0.46

     

Antipsychotics

18 (3.3%)

19 (3.5%)

0.87

−0.01

2 (3.0%)

7 (2.7%)

1.00

     

Antidepressants

182 (33.5%)

187 (34.4%)

0.75

−0.02

21 (31.3%)

82 (31.5%)

0.98

     

ChEI

132 (24.3%)

141 (26.0%)

0.53

−0.04

16 (23.9%)

59 (22.7%)

0.84

0.01

    

Other GLDs

459 (84.5%)

455 (83.8%)

0.74

0.02

65 (97.0%)

249 (95.8%)

0.64

0.07

    

Insulin

    

32 (47.8%)

110 (42.3%)

0.42

     

Income

            

 Low

190 (35.0%)

195 (35.9%)

0.73

−0.01

22 (32.8%)

83 (31.9%)

0.98

     

 Middle

167 (30.8%)

155 (28.5%)

21 (31.3%)

81 (31.2%)

  

 High

186 (34.3%)

193 (35.5%)

24 (35.8%)

96 (36.9%)

  

Total eligible

645 (84.2%)

1228 (44.2%)

  

68 (99.0%)

1805 (14.4%)

      
  1. Baseline characteristics were compared per baseline prevalent exposure assignment—users at any time prior to dementia diagnosis; p-values refer to the exposure “Yes” vs exposure “No” comparisons. Age is described as mean (SD); Charlson comorbidity index, diabetes duration, and MMSE are described as median (IQR); all other variables are described as n (%); SMDs were calculated for the matching variables; DPP-4i and TZD exposure groups were matched using 1:4 ratio; “Total eligible” expresses the number of eligible subjects for propensity-score matching from the original cohort, with % retained after PS matching
  2. AD Alzheimer’s disease, ChEI cholinesterase inhibitors, DPP-4i dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors, MixDem mixed-pathology dementia, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, GLDs glucose-lowering drugs apart from insulin, SMD standardized mean differences, TZD thiazolidinediones