Author (year) | Groups | Sample size (mean age) | Database | Neuroimaging technique and features | Classification method | Validation method | Results (% accuracy) | AUC ROC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant et al. (2010) [24] | HS AD MCI | 18 (64.8) 32 (68.8) 24 (69.7) | Sample collected for the study | MRI: whole-brain volume measures | SVM Bayes VFI | Train/test method: AD + HS as train set and MCI as test set. | pMCI vs sMCI: SVM: 50 Bayes: 58.3 VFI: 75 | NA |
Chincarini et al. (2011) [25] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 189 (76.6) 144 (75.5) 166 (75.7) 136 (75.1) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM volumes | SVM | 20-fold Cross Validation | NA | 0.74 |
Costafreda et al. (2011) [26] | HS AD MCI | 88 (73.6) 71 (74.9) 103 (74.1) | AddNeuroMed | MRI: 3D hippocampal morphometric measures | SVM with RBF kernel | 4-fold Cross Validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 80 | NA |
Filipovych et al. (2011) [27] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 63 (75.2) 54 (77.4) 174 (74.5) 68 (76.2) | ADNI-1 | MRI: whole-brain GM density | Semi-supervised SVM | Leave-one-out Cross Validation | pMCI: 79.4 sMCI: 51.7 | 0.69 |
Hinrichs et al. (2011) [8] | HS AD MCI | 66 (76.2) 48 (76.6) 119 (75.1) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: scan data, APOE4 genotype, CSF assays, and cognitive tests | MK-SVM | Train/test method: AD + HS as train set and MCI as test set | pMCI vs sMCI: NA | 0.79 |
Westman et al. (2011) [28] | HS AD MCI | 112 (73) 117 (76) 122 (75) | AddNeuroMed | MRI: whole-brain volume, age, and education | OPLS | Train/test method: sample of 51 subjects | pMCI vs sMCI: 73 | NA |
Wolz et al. (2011) [29] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 231 (76) 198 (75.7) 238 (74.8) 167 (74.6) | ADNI-1 | MRI: hippocampal volume, cortical thickness, tensor-based morphometry, and manifold-based learning | SVM LDA | Train/test method: 95/5 partition | pMCI vs sMCI: SVM: 60 LDA: 68 | NA |
Zhang et al. (2011) [30] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 52 (75.3) 51 (75.2) 56 (75.3) 43 (75.3) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: volume, intensity, and CSF (Aβ42, t-tau y p-tau) measures | SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI: 91.5 sMCI: 73.4 | NA |
Batmanghelich et al. (2012) [31] | sMCI pMCI | 139 (NA) 99 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI: WM, GM, and CSF | Logistic model trees + Laplacian SVM | 5-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 61.5 | NA |
Cheng et al. (2012) [32] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 52 (75.3) 51 (75.2) 56 (75.3) 43 (75.3) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: GM and WM volume, intensity, and CSF (Aβ42, t-tau y p-tau) measures | Domain Transfer SVM | Train/test method: AD + HS as train set and MCI as test set with 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 69.4 | 0.74 |
Cho et al. (2012) [33] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 160 (76.2) 128 (76) 131 (74.1) 72 (74.8) | ADNI-1 | MRI: cortical thickness | LDA | Train/test method: 50/50 partition | pMCI vs sMCI: 70 | NA |
Gray et al. (2012) [34] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 54 (NA) 50 (NA) 64 (NA) 53 (NA) | ADNI-1 | PET: signal intensity and relative change over 12 months | SVM with RBF kernel | Train/test method: 75/25 partition with 1000 iterations | pMCI vs sMCI: 63.1 | 0.66 |
Li et al. (2012) [35] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 40 (73.7) 37 (74.8) 36 (75.3) 39 (75.6) | ADNI-1 | MRI: static and dynamic cortical thickness and clustering coefficient | SVM | Leave-one-out cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 81.7 | NA |
Toussaint et al. (2012) [36] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 80 (76.4) 80 (76) 40 (76.4) 40 (76.4) | ADNI-1 | PET: glucose metabolic signal and clinical measures | Two-sample t-test + spatial ICA + SVM with RBF kernel | Leave-one-out cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 80 | NA |
Wee et al. (2012) [37] | HS MCI | 17 (72.1) 10 (74.2) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: WM structural connectivity and GM functional connectivity | Mk-SVM | Leave-one-out cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 96.3 | 0.95 |
Ye et al. (2012) [38] | sMCI pMCI | 177 (NA) 142 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM and WM volumes, cortical thickness, demographic, genetic, and cognitive measures | SVM | Leave-one-out Cross Validation | pMCI vs sMCI: NA | 0.85 |
Zhang et al. (2012) [9] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 50 (75.3) 45 (75,4) 48 (74.7) 43 (75.8) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: volume, intensity, and CSF (Aβ42, t-tau y p-tau) measures | M3TL | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 73.9 | 0.80 |
Adaszewski et al. (2013) [39] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 137 (NA) 108 (NA) 61 (74) 142 (74) | ADNI-1 ADNI-GO | MRI: whole-brain GM volume | SVM | Train/test method: AD + HS subset as train set and bootstrapping with 100 permutations | pMCI: 63.7 sMCI: NA | NA |
Aguilar et al. (2013) [40] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 110 (73) 116 (74.4) 98 (74.7) 21 (72.9) | AddNeuroMed | MRI: volume and cortical thickness | OPLS SVM Decision Trees ANN | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: OPLS: 74.7 SVM: 70.9 Decision Trees: 67.4 ANN: 70.1 | 0.83 0.81 0.80 0.75 |
Babu et al. (2013) [41] | HS sMCI pMCI | 232 (76) 236 (74.9) 167 (74.6) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM volumes | PBL-McqRBFN | Train/test method: 95/5 partition | pMCI vs sMCI: 79 | NA |
Casanova et al. (2013) [42] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 188 (75.9) 171 (75.5) 182 (75.2) 153 (75) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM volumes | RLR | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 61.5 | NA |
Cheng et al. (2013) [43] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 52 (NA) 51 (NA) 56 (NA) 43 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: volume, intensity, APOE4 genotype, and CSF (Aβ42, t-tau y p-tau) measures | SM2TLC | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 77.8 | 0.81 |
Liu, M. et al. (2013) [44] | sMCI pMCI | 185 (74.9) 164 (74.9) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM volumes | MTSRC | Leave-one-out cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 74.1 | 0.75 |
Liu, X. et al. (2013) [45] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 138 (76) 86 (75) 93 (75) 97 (75) | ADNI-1 | MRI: volume and cortical thickness | SVM EN LDA | Leave-one-out cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: SVM: 66 EN: 68 LDA: 68 | 0.53 NA 0.68 |
Wee et al. (2013) [46] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 200 (75.8) 198 (75.7) 111 (75.3) 89 (74.8) | ADNI-1 | MRI: cortical thickness and correlation of cortical thickness between pairs of ROIs | Mk-SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 75 | 0.84 |
Young et al. (2013) [47] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 73 (75.9) 63 (75.2) 96 (75.6) 47 (74.5) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: volume, intensity, APOE4 genotype, and CSF (Aβ42, t-tau y p-tau) measures | Gaussian Process | Leave-one-out cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 74.1 | 0.80 |
Apostolova et al. (2014) [48] | HS AD MCI | 111 (NA) 95 (NA) 182 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI: hippocampal volumes and demographic, APOE genotype, and CSF measures | SVM | Leave-one-out cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 68 | 0.68 |
Guerrero et al. (2014) [49] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 175 (76.3) 106 (75.4) 114 (75.1) 116 (74.7) | ADNI-1 ADNI-GO | MRI: 3D brain volumes | SVM | Train/test method: unknown partition | pMCI vs sMCI: 97.2 | NA |
Lebedev et al. (2014) [50] | HS AD MCI | 225 (75.9) 185 (75.2) 165 (75.5) | ADNI-1 | MRI: cortical thickness, demographic variables, and APOE4 genotype | RF | Independent test set | pMCI vs sMCI: 82.3 | 0.83 |
Liu, M. et al. (2014) [51] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 229 (76) 198 (75.7) 236 (74.9) 167 (74.9) | ADNI-1 | MRI. whole-brain GM density | SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 70.7 | NA |
Liu, F. et al. (2014) [52] | HS AD MCI | 52 (75.3) 51 (75.2) 99 (75.3) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: volume and intensity measures | Mk-SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 67.8 | 0.70 |
Min et al. (2014) [53] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 128 (76.1) 97 (75.9) 117 (75.1) 117 (75.2) | ADNI-1 | MRI: multi-atlas GM volume measures | SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 72.4 | 0.67 |
Suk et al. (2014) [54] | HS AD MCI | 101 (75.9) 93 (75.5) 204 (74.9) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: volume and intensity measures | DBM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 75.9 | 0.75 |
Tong et al. (2014) [55] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 231 (76) 198 (75.7) 238 (74.9) 167 (74.6) | ADNI-1 | MRI: intensity patches | Multiple instance-graph | Leave-one-out cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 70.4 | NA |
Cabral et al. (2015) [56] | sMCI pMCI | 56 (NA) 44 (NA) | ADNI-1 | PET: voxel intensities | Linear-SVM SVM-RBF Gaussian Naïve Bayes | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: Linear-SVM: 71–89 SVM-RBF: 75–85 Gaussian Naïve Bayes: 73–81 | NA |
Cheng et al. (2015) [57] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 52 (NA) 51 (NA) 56 (NA) 53 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: volume, intensity and CSF (Aβ42, t-tau y p-tau) measures | M2TL | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 80.1 | 0.85 |
Cheng et al. (2015) [58] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 52 (NA) 51 (NA) 56 (NA) 43 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: volume, intensity, APOE4 genotype, and CSF (Aβ42, t-tau y p-tau) measures | Domain Transfer SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 79.4 | 0.85 |
Moradi et al. (2015) [59] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 231 (NA) 200 (NA) 100 (NA) 164 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM volumes, age, and cognitive measures | RF | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 81 | 0.90 |
Raamana et al. (2015) [60] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 159 (NA) 136 (NA) 130 (NA) 56 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI: cortical thickness | Variational Bayes probabilistic MKL | Train/test method: 95/5 partition | pMCI vs sMCI: 64 | 0.68 |
Ritter et al. (2015) [61] | sMCI pMCI | 151 (74.1) 86 (74.6) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: cortical thickness, intensity measurements, neuropsychological tests, clinical variables, and demographic data | SVM with RBF kernel Classification tree RF | 30 iterations of 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: SVM: 61-64 Classification Tree: 61-64 RF: 60-61 | NA |
Salvatore et al. (2015) [62] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 162 (76.3) 137 (76) 134 (74.5) 76 (74.8) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM and WM volumes | SVM | 20-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 66 | NA |
Xu et al. (2015) [63] | HS AD MCI | 117 (75.4) 113 (75.6) 110 (75.2) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: volume and intensity measures | wmSRC | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 77.8 | 0.80 |
Ardekani et al. (2016) [64] | sMCI pMCI | 78 (NA) 86 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI: hippocampal volumetric integrity, APOE genotype, demographic data, and neuropsychological tests | RF | Out-of-bag method | pMCI vs sMCI: 82.3 | 0.83 |
Collij et al. (2016) [66] | HS AD MCI | 100 (61.7) 100 (63.1) 60 (62.7) | Sample collected for the study | MRI: whole-brain arterial spin labeling perfusion maps | SVM | Train/test method: 50/50 partition | pMCI vs sMCI: 70.8 | 0.77 |
Li et al. (2016) [67] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 42 (65.6) 25 (69.4) 10 (66.5) 21 (68.6) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM whole-brain and seed-based functional connectivity | SVM | Leave one out cross-validation | pMCI vs SMCI: 80.6 | NA |
Liu et al. (2016) [68] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 97 (75.9) 128 (76.1) 117 (75.1) 117 (75.2) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM density maps | SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs SMCI: 79.2 | 0.83 |
López et al. (2016) [69] | sMCI pMCI | 21 (72.7) 12 (75.7) | Sample collected for the study | MRI and MEG: MEG power data on each ROI and hippocampal volumes, age, gender, cognitive reserve, neuropsychological testing score, and APOE genotype | HLR | Train/test method: 75/25 partition | pMCI vs sMCI: 100 | 0.97 |
Suk et al. (2016) [70] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 52 (75.3) 51 (75.2) 56 (75) 43 (75.7) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: GM, CSF, and intensity measures | DW-S2MTL | 10-fold cross validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 73 | NA |
Thung et al. (2016) [71] | sMCI pMCI | 53 (75.7) 60 (75.2) | ADNI-1 | MRI: whole-brain GM volume and changes in 4 years of follow-up | Mk-SVM | 10-fold cross validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 78.2 | 0.84 |
Vasta et al. (2016) [72] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 47 (78.2) 55 (75.9) 89 (75.4) 32 (75.5) | ADNI-1 | MRI: hippocampal volumes | SVM Naive Bayes Neural Network | Train/test method: AD + HS as train set and MCI as test set | pMCI vs sMCI: SVM: 66.1 Naïve Bayes: 65.3 Neural Network: 66.9 | NA NA NA |
Zhang et al. (2016) [73] | sMCI pMCI | 62 (75.4) 71 (74.8) | ADNI-1 | MRI: whole ventricular tensor-based morphometry | SVM | 5-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 96.7 | 0.97 |
Zhang et al. (2016) [74] | AD HS MCI | 194 (NA) 228 (NA) 388 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI: multivariate hippocampal surface TBM and radial distance | AdaBoost | Leave-one-out cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 77 | 0.75 |
Ҫitak-Er et al. (2017) [75] | sMCI pMCI | 165 (70.9) 140 (73.1) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM volumes | Linear SVM Polynomial-SVM LR | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: Linear-SVM: 73.1 Poly-SVM: 78.7 LR: 76.1 | NA |
Hojjati et al. (2017) [76] | sMCI pMCI | 62 (73) 18 (73.6) | ADNI-1 | MRI: connectivity matrix | SVM | 9-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 91.4 | 0.95 |
Long et al. (2017) [77] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 135 (76.2) 65 (75.6) 132 (75.2) 95 (75.1) | ADNI-1 | MRI: whole-brain GM and WM | SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: with GM: 85.9 with WM: 68.7 | GM: 0.89 WM: 0.68 |
Mathotaarachchi et al. (2017) [78] | sMCI pMCI | 230 (71.4) 43 (73.2) | ADNI-1 | PET: intensity, demographic, and AOPE4 genotype measures | RUSRF | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 84 | 0.91 |
Suk et al. (2017) [79] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 226 (NA) 186 (NA) 226 (NA) 167 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM volume | CNN | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 74.8 | 0.75 |
Tong et al. (2017) [80] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 229 (75.9) 191 (75.3) 129 (74.6) 171 (74.5) | ADNI-1 | MRI: global grading biomarker, age, and cognitive measures | SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 81 | 0.87 |
Choi et al. (2018) [81] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 182 (73.4) 139 (74.3) 92 (70.3) 79 (72.3) | ADNI-2 | PET: voxel volumes of FDG and florbetapir (AV-45) images | CNN | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 84.2 | 0.89 |
Donnelly-Kehoe et al. (2018) [82] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 100 (NA) 100 (NA) 100 (NA) 100 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI: brain morphometry, demographic data, and MMSE | RF SVM AB | Train/test method: 75/25 partition | NA | 0.75 0.76 0.63 |
Gao et al. (2018) [83] | HS AD MCI | 94 (76.3) 58 (74.2) 147 (74.8) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: hippocampal textrure features, medical history, and neuropsychological tests | GPR PLS | Train/test method: AD + HS as train set and MCI as test set + follow-up | pMCI vs sMCI: GPR:82.2 PLS:85.5 | NA |
Gómez-Sancho et al. (2018) [84] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 413 (NA) 326 (NA) 173 (NA) 274 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI: regional volumetry, surface area, and cortical thickness | SVM RLR | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: SVM: 61-62.5 RLR: 61.1-65 | 0.64-0.68 0-65-0.70 |
Hojjati et al. (2018) [85] | sMCI pMCI | 62 (73) 18 (73.6) | ADNI-1 | MRI: whole-brain cortical thickness, volumes, and connectivity matrix | SVM | 9-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 97 | 0.98 |
Khanna et al. (2018) [86] | HS MCI | 315 (NA) 609 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: volume, clinical, and SNP measures | GBM | 10 iterations of a 10-fold cross-validation | C-index (it is a generalization of the AUC ROC calculation for binary classification): 0.86 | |
Lin et al. (2018) [87] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 229 (NA) 188 (NA) 139 (NA) 169 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI: hippocampal measures and whole-brain cortical volume, surface area, and cortical thickness | LASSO + ELM | Leave-one-out cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 79.9 | 0.86 |
Liu et al. (2018) [88] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 230 (77.1) 200 (76.6) 160 (76.2) 120 (75.9) | ADNI-1 | MRI: whole-brain hierarchical structural network | Multiple Kernel Boost | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 72.8 | 0.72 |
Liu et al. (2018) [89] | HS AD MCI | 126 (76) 186 (75.4) 395 (74.9) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: volume, intensity, and CSF (Aβ42, t-tau y p-tau) measures | Multi-hyper graph Learning | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 74.7 | 0.72 |
Lu et al. (2018) [90] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 360 (73.4) 238 (75) 409 (74) 217 (74) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: volume, intensity, and CSF (Aβ42, t-tau y p-tau) measures | Deep NN | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 82.9 | NA |
Minhas et al. (2018) [91] | sMCI pMCI | 54 (74.1) 65 (74.7) | ADNI-1 | MRI: whole-brain volumes, surface area, cortical thickness, and neuropsychological measures | SVM | 5-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 84.3 | 0.89 |
Popuri et al. (2018) [92] | sHS uHS pSH pMCI sMCI eDAT sDAT | 360 (75.4) 52 (78.9) 18 (78.2) 205 (74.8) 431 (75) 133 (76.6) 238 (75.8) | ADNI-1 | PET: glucose metabolic signal | FPDS | Independent test set | Classification of DAT+/DAT-: pMCI = 67.9 sMCI = 70.4 | pMCI vs sMCI at 2, 3, and 5 years: 0.81 0.80 0.77 |
Sorensen et al. (2018) [93] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 100 (NA) 100 (NA) 100 (NA) 100 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI: brain volumetry, cortical thickness, WM hipointensities, MMSE, age, and hippocampal sub-regional volumetry | Linear SVM RBF SVM | Train/test method: 60/40 partition | pMCI vs sMCI: Linear SVM: 55.6 RBF SVM: 55 | NA NA |
Sun et al. (2018) [94] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 162 (76.3) 137 (76) 134 (74.5) 76 (74.8) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM densities | LASSO + SVM | Train/test method: 50/50 partition | pMCI vs sMCI: 65.4 | 0.68 |
Wu et al. (2018) [95] | HS sMCI pMCI | 150 (75.6) 150 (75.3) 157 (75.3) | ADNI-1 | MRI: 3D brain volumes | GoogleNet CaffeNet | 5-fold cross-validation | GoogleNet/CaffeNet in: pMCI: 84.7/92.3 sMCI: 67.3/72 | NA |
Yan et al. (2018) [96] | sMCI pMCI | 50 (NA) 29 (NA) | ADNI-1 | PET: 3D images | ResNet | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 82 | 0.81 |
Basaia et al. (2019) [97] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 352 (74.5) 294 (75.1) 510 (72.3) 253 (73.8) | ADNI-1 | MRI: WM, GM, and CSF measures | CNN | Independent test set | pMCI vs sMCI: 74.9 | NA |
Cheng et al. (2019) [98] | HS AD MCI | 112 (NA) 102 (NA) 192 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM volumes and CSF measures | SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 76.3 | 0.81 |
Collazos-Huertas et al. (2019) [99] | sMCI pMCI | 325 (75) 245 (75) | ADNI-1 | MRI: volumes and cortical thickness | SVM KNN | 5-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: SVM: 76.1 KNN: 77.8 | NA NA |
Elahifasaee et al. (2019) [100] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 229 (76) 198 (57.5) 236 (74.9) 167 (74.9) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM density | KDA | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 65.9 | 0.71 |
Ezzati et al. (2019) [101] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 424 (74.3) 249 (74.7) 372 (72.8) 235 (73) | ADNI-1 | MRI: whole-brain volumes, APOE4 genotype, and demographic measures | Ensemble Learning | 10-fold cross-validation | MCI to AD at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 months: 63.8%, 68.9%, 74.9%, 75.3%, and 77%, respectively | NA |
Gupta et al. (2019) [102] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 38 (76.7) 38 (77.1) 36 (74.2) 46 (76.7) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: whole-brain volume, intensity and CSF (Aβ42, t-tau y p-tau) measures | Mk-SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 94.9 | 0.94 |
Lee et al. (2019) [103] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 415 (NA) 338 (NA) 558 (NA) 307 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI: brain phenotypes, demographic and neuropsychological data, APOE4 genotype, and CSF measures | rDNN | 5-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months: 81, 81, 79 and 80 respectively | NA |
Lee et al. (2019) [104] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 229 (76) 198 (75.4) 214 (75) 160 (74.9) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM volumes | rDNN + SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 88.5 | 0.96 |
Lei et al. (2019) [105] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 152 (NA) 91 (NA) 98 (NA) 104 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM volumes and neuropsychological measures | SVR | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 78 | NA |
Li et al. (2019) [106] | NA | 803 (NA) | ADNI-1/2/GO and AIBL | MRI: hippocampal volumes, cognitive, demographic and neuropsychological measures | NN | Train in ADNI-1 and test in ADNI-2&GO | MCI to AD prediction (C-index): 0.86 | |
Li et al. (2019) [107] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 165 (76.4) 142 (76.1) 95 (74.9) 126 (73.4) | ADNI-1 | MRI: cortical thickness and volumes | SVM with RBF kernel | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 69.8 | 0.70 |
Oh et al. (2019) [108] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 230 (76) 198 (75.6) 101 (74.1) 166 (74.8) | ADNI-1 | MRI data | CNN | 5-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 73.9 | NA |
Pan et al. (2019) [109] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 90 (76.1) 94 (75.8) 44 (77.6) 44 (75.9) | ADNI-1 | PET: intensities and connectivity measures | SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 72.3 | 0.72 |
Pusil et al. (2019) [110] | sMCI pMCI | 27 (71.2) 27 (74.8) | Sample collected for the study | MEG: brain connectivity matrix | MCFS + SVM with RBF kernel | Train/test method: 80/20 partition | pMCI vs sMCI: 100 | NA |
Spasov et al. (2019) [111] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 184 (74.6) 192 (75.6) 228 (72.2) 181 (73.7) | ADNI-1 | MRI: brain volumes, demographic, neuropsychological, and genetic (APOE4) measures | CNN | Train/test method: 90/10 partition | pMCI vs sMCI: 86 | 0.93 |
Wang et al. (2019) [112] | HS AD MCI | 71 (72.5) 48 (75) 60 (72.6) | ADNI-2 | MRI: morphometry and WM structural connectivity | LR | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 59 | 0.65 |
Wee et al. (2019) [113] | HS AD MCI eMCI lMCI | ADNI-1/ADNI-2: 242/300 (76.9/75.6) 355/261 (76.3/75.3) 415/NA (75.9) NA/314 (72.9) NA/208 (73.7) | MRI: cortical thickness | Graph NN | 10-fold cross-validation | Conversion from: eMCI to AD: 79.2 lMCI to AD: 65.2 | NA | |
Xu et al. (2019) [114] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 165 (76.4) 142 (76.1) 95 (74.9) 126 (73.4) | ADNI-1 | MRI: cortical thickness | SVM with RBF kernel | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 63.7 | 0.67 |
Zhou et al. (2019) [115] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 204 (76.1) 171 (75.5) 205 (75.1) 157 (74.8) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: GM volumes, average intensities and SNP measures | Multi-modal Classifier | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 74..3 | 0.75 |
Zhu et al. (2019) [116] | HS AD MCI | 101 (75.8) 93 (75.4) 202 (75.1) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: GM volumes and average intensities | SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 72.6 | 0.73 |
Abrol et al. (2020) [117] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 237 (74.3) 157 (75.1) 245 (72.1) 189 (74.2) | ADNI-1 ADNI-2 ADNI-3 ADNI-GO | MRI: 3D brain volumes | ResNet | Train/test method: 80/20 partition | pMCI vs sMCI: 75.1 | 0.78 |
Gao et al. (2020) [118] | HS sMCI pMCI | 847 (56.9) 129 (74.8) 168 (74.8) | ADNI-1 | MRI: 3D brain volumes | Age prediction + AD-NET | 5-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI; 76 | 0.81 |
Giorgio et al. (2020) [119] | HS MCI | 317 (NA) 272 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: GM density, genetic, and cognitive measures | GMLVQ | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 81.4 | NA |
Khatri et al. (2020) [120] | HS AD MCI | 57 (75.6) 53 (74.4) 77 (74.1) | ADNI-1 | MRI: cortical thickness, surface area, GM volumes, MMSE, APOE4 data, and levels of Aβ42, T-tau and P-tau in CSF | SVM with RBFk Linear SVM ELM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: SVM-RBFk: 71.3 Linear SVM: 75.7 ELM: 83.4 | NA NA 0.85 |
Lin et al. (2020) [121] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 200 (73.9) 102 (75.7) 205 (71.8) 110 (73.9) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: volume, cortical thickness, intensity measures, APOE4 presence, and levels of Aβ42, T-tau, and P-tau in CSF | LASSO + ELM with Gaussian kernel | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 84.7 | 0.89 |
Lin et al. (2020) [122] | sMCI pMCI | 124 (70.8) 40 (71.6) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM densities | SVM | 4-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 97.3 | 0.98 |
Pan et al. (2020) [123] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 262 (NA) 237 (NA) 173 (NA) 115 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI: 3D brain volumes | CNN + EL | 5-fold cross-validation on independent test set | pMCI vs sMCI: 62 | 0.59 |
Ramon-Julvez et al. (2020) [124] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 181 (NA) 191 (NA) 227 (NA) 179 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI data and Jacobian determinant of diffeomorphic transformations | CNN | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 89 | 0.94 |
Xiao et al. (2020) [125] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 50 (77.8) 51 (75.8) 45 (71.9) 51 (72.5) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM volumes | LR | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 72.9 | NA |
Xu et al. (2020) [126] | HS MCI | 53 (69.6) 76 (73.7) | Sample collected for the study | MEG: brain connectivity matrix | MG2G Embedding model | Train/validation/test method: 85/10/5 partition | HS vs pMCI vs sMCI: 82 pMCI vs sMCI: 87 | 0.75-0.96 |
Yang et al. (2020) [127] | sMCI pMCI | 280 (72) 70 (71.7) | ADNI-1 | PET: GM densities | CNN + SVM | Train/test method: unknown partition | pMCI vs sMCI: 78.6 | NA |
Yee et al. (2020) [128] | sHS uHS pSH pMCI sMCI eDAT sDAT | 359 (75.4) 51 (79) 19 (78.1) 210 (75) 427 (75) 135 (76.6) 237 (75.7) | ADNI-1 | PET: intensity measures | CNN | 5-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 74.7 | 0.81 |
Zhou et al. (2020) [129] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 226 (75.8) 186 (75.3) 205 (75.1) 157 (74.7) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: GM volumes and intensity measures | SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 74-76 | 0.74-0.76 |
Bae et al. (2021) [130] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 2084 (76.5) 1406 (76.2) 222 (72.2) 228 (74.2) | ADNI-1 | MRI: 3D brain volume and neuropsychological measures | CNN | Train/validation/test method: 70/15/15 partition | pMCI vs sMCI: 82.4 | NA |
Mofrad et al. (2021) [131] | sMCI pMCI | 333 (NA) 134 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI: hippocampal entorhinal cortex, ventricles, and neuropsychological measures | Ensemble Learning | 15-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 77 | NA |
Mofrad et al. (2021) [132] | sMCI pMCI | 279 (NA) 279 (NA) | ADNI-1 and AIBL | MRI: hippocampal and ventricle measures | Ensemble Learning | 15-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 78 | NA |
Pan et al. (2021) [133] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 242 (73.6) 237 (75) 360 (71.7) 166 (73.9) | ADNI-1 | PET: 3D images | CNN | 5-fold cross-validation repeated 2 times | pMCI vs sMCI: 83 | 0.87 |
Shen et al. (2021) [134] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 150 (NA) 143 (NA) 89 (NA) 86 (NA) | ADNI-1 | MRI and PET: Volume, cortical thickness, intensity measures, APOE4 presence and levels of Aβ42, T-tau, and P-tau in CSF | SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 75-78 | 0.76-0.80 |
Syaifullah et al. (2021) [135] | HS AD MCI | 543 (NA) 359 (NA) 544 (NA) | NA-ADNI | MRI and PET data and MMSE | SVM | Train/test method: 50/50 partition | pMCI vs sMCI: 87.9 | NA |
Wen et al. (2021) [136] | HS AD MCI sMCI pMCI | 46 (72.7) 46 (74.4) 97 (72.9) 54 (72.6) 24 (74.2) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM density | SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 80 | NA |
Zhang et al. (2021) [137] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 275 (76.2) 280 (76.1) 251 (77.6) 162 (75.1) | ADNI-1 | MRI: 3D brain volumes | CNN | Train/validation/test method: 70/15/15 partition | pMCI vs sMCI: 78.8 | 0.87 |
Zhu et al. (2021) [138] | HS AD sMCI pMCI | 275 (76.2) 280 (76.1) 251 (77.6) 162 (75.1) | ADNI-1 | MRI: GM, WM, and CSF measures, demographic data and APOE genotype | Temporally structured-SVM | 10-fold cross-validation | pMCI vs sMCI: 85.4 | 0.86 |