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Table 2 Risk of bias analysis for individual studies

From: Machine learning methods for predicting progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease dementia: a systematic review

Author (year)

Algorithm

Validation

Database

Total bias

Plant et al. (2010) [24]

0

0

2

2

Chincarini et al. (2011) [25]

0

0

0

0

Costafreda et al. (2011) [26]

1

0

1

2

Filipovych et al. (2011) [27]

0

0

0

0

Hinrichs et al. (2011) [8]

0

0

0

0

Westman et al. (2011) [28]

0

0

1

1

Wolz et al. (2011) [29]

1

0

0

0

Zhang et al. (2011) [30]

0

0

0

0

Batmanghelich et al. (2012) [31]

0

0

0

0

Cheng et al. (2012) [32]

0

0

0

0

Cho et al. (2012) [33]

0

0

0

0

Gray et al. (2012) [34]

0

0

0

0

Li et al. (2012) [35]

1

0

0

1

Toussaint et al. (2012) [36]

1

0

0

1

Wee et al. (2012) [37]

0

0

0

0

Ye et al. (2012) [38]

1

0

0

1

Zhang et al. (2012) [9]

0

0

0

0

Adaszewski et al. (2013) [39]

1

0

0

1

Aguilar et al. (2013) [40]

1

0

1

2

Babu et al. (2013) [41]

0

0

0

0

Casanova et al. (2013) [42]

0

0

0

0

Cheng et al. (2013) [43]

0

0

0

0

Liu, M. et al. (2013) [44]

0

0

0

0

Liu, X. et al. (2013) [45]

0

0

0

0

Wee et al. (2013) [46]

0

0

0

0

Young et al. (2013) [47]

1

0

0

1

Apostolova et al. (2014) [48]

1

0

0

1

Guerrero et al. (2014) [49]

0

0

0

0

Lebedev et al. (2014) [50]

0

0

0

0

Liu, M. et al. (2014) [51]

0

0

0

0

Liu, F. et al. (2014) [52]

0

0

0

0

Min et al. (2014) [53]

0

0

0

0

Suk et al. (2014) [54]

0

0

0

0

Tong et al. (2014) [55]

0

0

0

0

Cabral et al. (2015) [56]

0

0

0

0

Cheng et al. (2015) [57]

0

0

0

0

Cheng et al. (2015) [58]

0

0

0

0

Moradi et al. (2015) [59]

0

0

0

0

Raamana et al. (2015) [60]

0

0

0

0

Ritter et al. (2015) [61]

1

0

0

1

Salvatore et al. (2015) [62]

0

0

0

0

Xu et al. (2015) [63]

0

0

0

0

Ardekani et al. (2016) [64]

1

1

0

2

Cappeci et al. (2016) [65]

0

2

2

4

Collij et al. (2016) [66]

0

0

2

2

Li et al. (2016) [67]

2

0

0

2

Liu et al. (2016) [68]

0

0

0

0

López et al. (2016) [69]

0

0

0

0

Suk et al. (2016) [70]

0

0

0

0

Thung et al. (2016) [71]

0

0

0

0

Vasta et al. (2016) [72]

0

0

0

0

Zhang et al. (2016) [73]

0

0

0

0

Zhang et al. (2016) [74]

0

0

0

0

Ҫitak-Er et al. (2017) [75]

0

0

0

0

Hojjati et al. (2017) [76]

0

0

0

0

Long et al. (2017) [77]

0

0

0

0

Mathotaarachchi et al. (2017) [78]

0

0

0

0

Suk et al. (2017) [79]

0

0

0

0

Tong et al. (2017) [80]

0

0

0

0

Choi et al. (2018) [81]

0

0

0

0

Donnelly-Kehoe et al. (2018) [82]

1

0

0

1

Gao et al. (2018) [83]

1

0

0

1

Gómez-Sancho et al. (2018) [84]

0

0

0

0

Hojjati et al. (2018) [85]

1

0

0

1

Khanna et al. (2018) [86]

0

0

0

0

Lin et al. (2018) [87]

0

0

0

0

Liu et al. (2018) [88]

0

0

0

0

Liu et al. (2018) [89]

0

0

0

0

Lu et al. (2018) [90]

0

0

0

0

Minhas et al. (2018) [91]

0

0

0

0

Popuri et al. (2018) [92]

2

0

0

2

Sorensen et al. (2018) [93]

0

0

0

0

Sun et al. (2018) [94]

0

0

0

0

Wu et al. (2018) [95]

0

0

0

0

Yan et al. (2018) [96]

0

0

0

0

Basaia et al. (2019) [97]

0

0

0

0

Cheng et al. (2019) [98]

0

0

0

0

Collazos-Huertas et al. (2019) [99]

1

0

0

1

Elahifasaee et al. (2019) [100]

0

0

0

0

Ezzati et al. (2019) [101]

1

0

0

1

Gupta et al. (2019) [102]

0

0

0

0

Lee et al. (2019) [103]

0

0

0

0

Lee et al. (2019) [104]

0

0

0

0

Lei et al. (2019) [105]

0

0

0

0

Li et al. (2019) [106]

0

0

0

0

Li et al. (2019) [107]

0

0

0

0

Oh et al. (2019) [108]

0

0

0

0

Pan et al. (2019) [109]

0

0

0

0

Pusil et al. (2019) [110]

0

0

2

2

Spasov et al. (2019) [111]

0

0

0

0

Wang et al. (2019) [112]

1

0

0

1

Wee et al. (2019) [113]

0

0

0

0

Xu et al. (2019) [114]

0

0

0

0

Zhou et al. (2019) [115]

0

0

0

0

Zhu et al. (2019) [116]

0

0

0

0

Abrol et al. (2020) [117]

0

0

0

0

Gao et al. (2020) [118]

0

0

0

0

Giorgio et al. (2020) [119]

1

0

0

1

Khatri et al. (2020) [120]

0

0

0

0

Lin et al. (2020) [121]

0

0

0

0

Lin et al. (2020) [122]

0

0

0

0

Pan et al. (2020) [123]

0

0

0

0

Ramon-Julvez et al. (2020) [124]

1

0

0

1

Xiao et al. (2020) [125]

0

0

0

0

Xu et al. (2020) [126]

0

0

2

2

Yang et al. (2020) [127]

1

0

0

1

Yee et al. (2020) [128]

0

0

0

0

Zhou et al. (2020) [129]

0

0

0

0

Bae et al. (2021) [130]

0

0

0

0

Mofrad et al. (2021) [131]

1

0

0

1

Mofrad et al. (2021) [132]

1

0

0

1

Pan et al. (2021) [133]

0

0

0

0

Shen et al. (2021) [134]

0

0

0

0

Syaifullah et al. (2021) [135]

1

0

0

1

Wen et al. (2021) [136]

1

0

0

1

Zhang et al. (2021) [137]

0

0

0

0

Zhu et al. (2021) [138]

0

0

0

0

Total

28/234

3/234

13/234

43/702

  1. Note. This table shows the results of the bias analysis performed based on Higgins et al. [22] with the punctuations specified in Table 1