Table 1 Participant characteristics of the nested case-control study within ESTHER and of ESTHER participants with confirmed Alzheimer’s disease status at the 17-year follow-up
From: Aβ misfolding in blood plasma is inversely associated with body mass index even in middle adulthood
Nested case-control study within ESTHER | ESTHER participants with confirmed AD status from the 17-year follow-up | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics at baseline | Aβ misfolding+ n (%) | Aβ misfolding− n (%) | Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis n (%) | Participants without dementia diagnosis n (%) | |
Total | 131 (15.0) | 741 (85.0) | 146 (2.4) | 5841 (97.6) | |
Age | Mean ± SD | 68.3 ± 4.9 | 68.5 ± 4.7 | 66.7 ± 5.1 | 61.3 ± 6.5*** |
50–64 | 27 (20.6) | 137 (18.5) | 48 (32.9) | 3902 (66.8)*** | |
65–69 | 39 (29.8) | 236 (31.9) | 45 (30.8) | 1259 (21.6)*** | |
70–75 | 65 (49.6) | 368 (49.7) | 53 (36.3) | 680 (11.6)*** | |
Sex | Female | 68 (51.9) | 435 (58.7) | 89 (61.0) | 3184 (54.5) |
Male | 63 (48.1) | 306 (41.3) | 57 (39.0) | 2657 (45.5) | |
Education | ≤ 9 yrs | 115 (87.8) | 645 (88.2) | 117 (82.4) | 4154 (72.7)* |
≥ 10 yrs | 16 (12.2) | 86 (11.8) | 25 (17.6) | 1561 (27.3)* | |
APOE ε4+ | No | 81 (66.9) | 484 (74.7) | 64 (50.0) | 3926 (75.0)*** |
Yes | 40 (33.1) | 164 (25.3) | 64 (50.0) | 1309 (25.0)*** | |
Diabetes | No | 100 (76.3) | 586 (79.1) | 116 (79.5) | 4950 (85.7)* |
Yes | 31 (23.7) | 155 (20.9) | 30 (20.6) | 825 (14.3)* | |
Physical activity | Inactive | 35 (26.7) | 243 (32.8) | 49 (33.6) | 1061 (18.2)*** |
Low | 68 (51.9) | 352 (47.6) | 57 (39.0) | 2648 (45.4)*** | |
Medium/high | 28 (21.4) | 145 (19.6) | 40 (27.4) | 2118 (36.4)*** | |
BMI | Mean ± SD | 27.1 ± 3.8 | 28.0 ± 4.2** | 27.2 ± 3.9 | 27.7 ± 4.5 |
< 25 | 37 (29.1) | 171 (23.8) | 45 (31.5) | 1612 (28.1) | |
≥25 | 90 (70.9) | 548 (76.2) | 98 (68.5) | 4127 (71.9) | |
Smoking | Never | 66 (50.8) | 396 (55.7) | 83 (58.9) | 2891 (50.6) |
Former | 47 (36.2) | 234 (32.9) | 42 (29.8) | 1933 (33.8) | |
Current | 17 (11.4) | 81 (11.4) | 16 (11.4) | 892 (15.6) | |
Frailty Index | Mean ± SD | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.1*** |
Non-frail 0 to ≤0.20 | 31 (34.4) | 175 (39.7) | 39 (39.4) | 2298 (53.3)** | |
Pre-frail > 0.20 to < 0.45 | 50 (55.6) | 203 (46.0) | 45 (45.5) | 1697 (39.4)** | |
Frail ≥0.45 | 9 (10.0) | 63 (14.3) | 15 (15.2) | 315 (7.3)** | |