Table 2 Time spent on the neuropsychological tests. Average time spent (± standard deviation) by the FHS participants on each neuropsychological test is shown. For each test, average values (± standard deviation) were computed on participants with normal cognition (NC), those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and those who had dementia (DE); the no dementia group (NDE) combined the NC and MCI individuals. All reported time values are in minutes. Logical Memory (LM) tests with a (†) symbol denote that an alternative story prompt was administered for the test. It is possible that one participant may receive a prompt under each of the LM recall conditions (one recording)
From: Detection of dementia on voice recordings using deep learning: a Framingham Heart Study
| Â | NC | MCI | NDE | DE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | 244.4 ± 151.0 | 178.7 ± 106.4 | 231.0 ± 144.4 | 295.5 ± 163.2 |
Logical memory immediate recall | 135.0 ± 28.6 | 116.9 ± 19.5 | 131.6 ± 27.8 | 128.9 ± 38.5 |
Logical memory immediate recall (†) |  |  |  | 123.0 ± 19.3 |
Visual reproductions immediate recall | 219.3 ± 79.2 | 190.8 ± 37.9 | 213.9 ± 73.8 | 236.1 ± 67.9 |
Verbal paired associates learning | 367.6 ± 80.4 | 366.4 ± 65.3 | 367.4 ± 77.3 | 414.3 ± 155.1 |
Digit span forward | 115.9 ±31.4 | 100.1 ± 32.3 | 113.0 ± 31.9 | 107.5 ± 36.7 |
Digit span backward | 109.0 ±42.5 | 128.2 ± 44.7 | 112.6 ± 43.1 | 132.6 ± 52.6 |
Logical memory delayed recall | 86.3 ± 37.8 | 57.1 ± 20.2 | 80.8 ± 36.8 | 54.0 ± 25.3 |
Logical memory delayed recall (†) |  |  |  | 33.0 ± 7.1 |
Logical memory multiple choice | 89.4 ± 18.3 | 103.8 ± 31.2 | 91.9 ± 21.4 | 138.9 ± 62.3 |
Logical memory multiple choice (†) |  |  |  | 159.5 ± 14.8 |
Visual reproductions delayed recall | 140.6 ± 73.2 | 114.8 ± 28.3 | 136.0 ± 67.9 | 79.1 ± 48.2 |
Visual reproductions multiple choice | 63.5 ± 26.5 | 60.9 ± 27.8 | 63.0 ± 26.5 | 77.5 ±37.1 |
Verbal paired associates recall | 66.2 ± 23.5 | 85.6 ± 43.7 | 69.5 ± 28.4 | 90.3 ± 48.7 |
Verbal paired associates recognition | 75.8 ± 21.6 | 90.0 ± 26.4 | 78.3 ± 22.9 | 126.0 ± 52.2 |
Similarities | 227.8 ± 89.6 | 217.3 ± 79.5 | 225.9 ± 87.3 | 228.0 ± 120.4 |
Command clock | 80.9 ± 31.2 | 83.3 ± 29.1 | 81.3 ± 30.5 | 133.0 ± 82.2 |
Verbal fluency | 325.5 ± 39.0 | 330.0 ± 29.2 | 326.3 ± 37.2 | 336.1 ± 65.4 |
Boston Naming Test | 405.9 ± 176.8 | 321.2 ± 93.8 | 390.7 ± 167.4 | 611.1 ± 260.2 |
Copy clock | 70.1 ± 33.5 | 54.7 ± 14.0 | 67.0 ± 31.1 | 90.9 ± 44.4 |
Trails A | 115.4 ± 58.3 | 105.3 ± 23.7 | 113.5 ± 53.3 | 199.0 ± 107.1 |
Trails B | 219.2 ± 107.6 | 241.0 ± 117.5 | 223.4 ± 108.5 | 431.2 ± 278.0 |
WRAT-3 reading | 119.7 ± 36.8 | 115.1 ± 52.3 | 118.8 ± 39.7 | 142.8 ± 70.4 |
Hooper visual organization test | 398.5 ± 182.1 | 284.1 ± 90.8 | 376.6 ± 173.7 | 424.6 ± 187.4 |
Block design (WAIS) | 357.3 ± 213.6 | 389.7 ± 145.0 | 360.9 ± 205.1 | 487.3 ± 214.3 |
Finger tapping | 294.4 ± 106.9 | 323.8 ± 87.6 | 300.3 ± 102.3 | 289.0 ± 130.6 |
Information (WAIS-R) | 392.7 ± 181.2 | 335.8 ± 156.9 | 385.1 ± 176.7 | 372.7 ± 153.6 |
Cookie theft | 198.9 ± 75.3 | 244.6 ± 101.7 | 206.5 ± 79.6 | 186.9 ± 147.0 |
Digit symbol coding | 204.6 ± 76.1 |  | 204.6 ± 76.1 | 269.5 ± 116.2 |
Digit symbol learning | 125.0 ± 75.7 |  | 125.0 ± 75.7 | 90.6 ± 78.7 |
Digit symbol recall | 67.4 ± 29.8 |  | 67.4 ± 29.8 | 91.4 ± 122.7 |
Clock drawing number placement | 47.6 ± 40.6 | 51.8 ± 20.5 | 48.5 ± 37.2 | 81.6 ± 71.5 |
Clock drawing time setting | 44.0 ± 26.9 | 37.9 ± 7.6 | 42.8 ± 24.5 | 75.3 ± 59.3 |
Math fluency | 53.1 ± 66.0 |  | 53.1 ± 66.0 | 187.4 ± 84.2 |
Balance physical function test | 341.2 ± 80.3 |  | 341.2 ± 80.3 | 202.5 ± 71.4 |