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Table. 1 Characteristics of the sample and group comparisons of potential risk factors across degrees of Perivascular Spaces in Basal Ganglia and Centrum Semiovale Regions. Legend: N, sample size; n, count of individuals for each categorical variable; SD, standard deviation; ePVS, enlarged perivascular spaces; BG, basal ganglia; CS, centrum semiovale; CAIDE, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Incidence of Dementia; BMI, body mass index; WMH, white matter hyperintensities; GM, gray matter volume; TIV, total intracranial volume

From: Perivascular spaces are associated with tau pathophysiology and synaptic dysfunction in early Alzheimer’s continuum

  

BG-ePVS

CS-ePVS

 

N

Mean (SD) or n (%)

Degree 1 (n = 162)

Degree 2 + Degree 3 (n = 160)

p value

Degree 1 (n = 90)

Degree 2 (n = 147)

Degree 3 + 4 (n = 85)

p value

Sex, n (%)

322

   

0.156

   

0.549

Male

 

118 (36.6%)

66 (40.7%)

52 (32.5%)

 

35 (38.9%)

56 (38.1%)

27 (31.8%)

 

Female

 

204 (63.4%)

96 (59.3%)

108 (67.5%)

 

55 (61.1%)

91 (61.9%)

58 (68.2%)

 

Age (years)

322

60.7 (4.69)

59.4 (4.67)

62.0 (4.37)

 < 0.001

59.8 (4.76)

60.5 (4.62)

62.0 (4.50)

0.006

APOE-ε4 allele status, n (%)

322

   

0.182

   

0.643

Non-carriers

 

156 (48.4%)

72 (44.4%)

84 (52.5%)

 

43 (47.8%)

75 (51.0%)

38 (44.7%)

 

Carriers

 

166 (51.6%)

90 (55.6%)

76 (47.5%)

 

47 (52.2%)

72 (49.0%)

47 (55.3%)

 

Education (years)

318

13.4 (3.50)

13.6 (3.39)

13.2 (3.61)

0.346

13.3 (3.22)

13.8 (3.50)

12.9 (3.76)

0.188

Diabetes, n (%)

304

   

0.531

   

0.161

No

 

294 (96.7%)

141 (95.9%)

153 (97.5%)

 

77 (93.9%)

137 (98.6%)

80 (96.4%)

 

Yes

 

10 (3.29%)

6 (4.08%)

4 (2.55%)

 

5 (6.10%)

2 (1.44%)

3 (3.61%)

 

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

304

   

0.406

   

0.551

No

 

159 (52.3%)

81 (55.1%)

78 (49.7%)

 

47 (57.3%)

71 (51.1%)

41 (49.4%)

 

Yes

 

145 (47.7%)

66 (44.9%)

79 (50.3%)

 

35 (42.7%)

68 (48.9%)

42 (50.6%)

 

BMI (kg/m2)

322

27.0 (4.16)

27.5 (4.34)

26.4 (3.91)

0.014

27.8 (4.64)

26.8 (3.72)

26.5 (4.27)

0.077

Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

321

133 (15.9)

131 (14.9)

135 (16.4)

0.007

131 (14.9)

133 (15.2)

135 (17.7)

0.228

Diastolic Blood Pressure(mmHg)

321

75.4 (9.89)

75.7 (9.56)

75.1 (10.2)

0.541

74.1 (9.80)

75.1 (9.80)

77.2 (9.97)

0.100

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

292

204 (30.8)

204 (29.1)

204 (32.4)

0.871

205 (32.3)

203 (32.1)

203 (27.2)

0.886

Physical Activity, n (%)

288

   

0.089

   

0.326

Non-active

 

55 (19.1%)

20 (14.6%)

35 (23.2%)

 

12 (15.8%)

24 (17.8%)

19 (24.7%)

 

Active

 

233 (80.9%)

117 (85.4%)

116 (76.8%)

 

64 (84.2%)

111 (82.2%)

58 (75.3%)

 

CAIDE score (0–15)

286

6.00 [4.00;7.00]

5.00 [4.00;7.00]

6.00 [4.00;7.00]

0.129

5.00 [4.00;7.00]

5.00 [4.00;6.00]

6.00 [4.75;7.00]

0.089

Total GM (mm3)

278

588,244 (49,789)

597,109 (47,771)

580,229 (50,376)

0.004

584,964 (48,140)

590,616 (50,255)

587,617 (51,210)

0.726

WMH (ml)

257

3.33 (16.6)

1.43 (1.72)

5.08 (22.9)

0.068

1.39 (1.39)

4.83 (23.7)

2.48 (2.84)

0.346

TIV (mm3)

278

1,438,565 (171,034)

1,456,206 (166,776)

1,422,616 (173,823)

0.101

1,427,412 (163,677)

1,442,693 (179,156)

1,443,534 (165,757)

0.792