Table 3 Examples of sub-group analyses assessing the potential modifiers for the intervention effect on cognition in multidomain prevention trials
Multidomain trials | Study | Potential intervention effect modifiers | Analyses | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
FINGER | Rosenberg et al., 2018 [27] | Sex, age, education, socioeconomic status, cognition, cardiovascular factors, and cardiovascular comorbidity at baseline | Pre-specified | No significant differences in cognitive intervention benefits by sex, age, education, socioeconomic status, cognition, cardiovascular factors, and cardiovascular comorbidity. |
Solomon et al., 2018 [28] | APOE ε4 allele | Pre-specified | Intervention benefits were not significantly different between carriers and non-carriers. Clear benefit in APOE4 carriers in stratified analyses. | |
Deckers et al., 2020 [29] | LIBRA index at baseline | Post hoc | Participants with a higher LIBRA index at baseline had overall less cognitive improvement over time, but this effect was not different between the intervention and control groups. | |
Sindi et al., 2017 [30] | Leukocyte telomere length | Post hoc | More pronounced cognitive intervention benefits in individuals with shorter baseline leukocyte telomere length (higher-risk individuals). | |
Stephen et al., 2019 [31] | Brain volumes and cortical thickness | Post hoc | More pronounced cognitive intervention effects in individuals with higher brain baseline cortical thickness and volumes. | |
MAPT | Andrieu et al., 2017 [19] | Cognition and functioning level at baseline | Pre-specified | No significant differences in intervention effects. |
Andrieu et al., 2017 [19] | APOE ε4 allele | Post.hoc | Intervention effects were not significantly different between carriers and non-carriers. | |
Tabue-Teguo et al., 2018 [32] | Frailty status | Post hoc | Beneficial effects of multidomain intervention and n3 PUFA supplementation on cognition did not differ between frail and non-frail participants. | |
Delrieu et al., 2019 [33] | Amyloid status | Post hoc | Multidomain intervention alone or in combination with omega-3 fatty acids was associated with improved primary cognitive outcomes in individuals with positive amyloid status. | |
Chhetri et al., 2018 [34] | CAIDE score ≥ 6 points | Post hoc | High-risk subjects for dementia screened with CAIDE dementia score might benefit more from multidomain intervention. | |
preDIVA | Moll van Charante et al., 2016 [18] | Participants free from cardiovascular disease | Pre-specified | Participants with a history free from cardiovascular disease who were adherent to the intervention had a significantly lower risk of dementia compared to the control group. |
Moll van Charante et al., 2016 [18] | Untreated hypertension at baseline | Pre-specified | Participants with untreated hypertension who were adherent to the intervention had a significantly lower risk of dementia compared with the control group. | |
van Middelaar et al., 2018 [35] | LIBRA index at baseline | Post hoc | LIBRA modifiable dementia risk score did not identify a (high-)risk group in whom the multidomain intervention was effective in preventing dementia or cognitive decline. |