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Table 3 Effect of risk factors on cognitive decline in EOAD and LOAD

From: Differential effects of risk factors on the cognitive trajectory of early- and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease

 

EOAD

LOAD

  

Cognitive domain

Beta (SE)

p value

Beta (SE)

p value

p value^ (risk factor*time*onset age group)

p value^^, multivariable analysis (risk factor*time*onset age group)

Language

APOE ε4 carrier*time

0.130 (0.050)

0.010

  

0.003

0.005a$

Memory

APOE ε4 carrier*time

0.131 (0.059)

0.027

  

0.006

0.011b$

 High education*time

− 0.094 (0.060)

0.122

    

 Diabetes*time

  

− 0.073 (0.032)

0.021

0.083

 

 Dyslipidemia*time

0.132 (0.065)

0.044

  

0.030

0.055b

Frontal

APOE ε4 carrier*time

0.139 (0.044)

0.002

  

0.005

0.053c

 High education*time

− 0.169 (0.045)

< .001

− 0.047 (0.029)

0.110

0.017

0.030c

 Hypertension*time

  

− 0.065 (0.027)

0.016

0.005

0.016c$

 Diabetes*time

  

− 0.062 (0.029)

0.032

0.572

 

 BMI*time (ref:normal weight)

  Underweight

  

− 0.197 (0.071)

0.006

0.759

 

  Overweight

  

0.015 (0.033)

0.653

0.746

 

  Obesity

  

0.023 (0.032)

0.460

0.263

 

MMSE

APOE ε4 carrier*time

0.063 (0.024)

0.011

  

0.024

0.026d

 High education*time

  

− 0.033 (0.014)

0.017

0.655

 

 Hypertension*time

0.087 (0.027)

0.002

− 0.022 (0.012)

0.076

< .001

< .001d$

CDR (sum of boxes)

APOE ε4 carrier*time

− 0.005 (0.002)

0.010

  

0.230

 

 BMI*time (ref:normal weight)

     

0.022e$

  Underweight

− 0.006 (0.006)

0.304

  

0.240

0.264

  Overweight

− 0.001 (0.002)

0.576

  

0.959

0.796

  Obesity

− 0.007 (0.003)

0.012

  

0.006

0.008

  1. ^Univariable linear mixed effects model for each risk factor
  2. Fixed effect: baseline age, onset age group, each risk factor, onset age group*each risk factor
  3. Random effect: time, onset age group*time, each risk factor*time, onset age group*each risk factor*time
  4. ^^Multivariable linear mixed effects model
  5. aAdjusted for: age, education, time, APOE4, time*APOE4, group, time*group, group*APOE4, time*group*APOE4
  6. bAdjusted for : age, time, group, time*group, APOE4, time*APOE4, group*APOE4, time*group*APOE4, education, dyslipidemia, time*dyslipidemia, group*dyslipidemia, time*group*dyslipidemia
  7. cAdjusted for : age, time, group, time*group, APOE4, time*APOE4, group*APOE4, time*group*APOE4, HTN, time*HTN, group*HTN, time*group*HTN, education, time*education, group*education, time*group*education, sex, group*sex
  8. dAdjusted for : age, time, group, time*group, APOE4, time*APOE4, group*APOE4, time*group*APOE4, HTN, time*HTN, group*HTN, time*group*HTN, education
  9. eAdjusted for : age, time, group, time*group, APOE4, time*APOE4, obesity, time*obesity, group*obesity, time*group*obesity
  10. $p < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction for multiple tests (four tests for APOE e4 and two tests for hypertension)