Alterations | Mouse in the present study | Human | |
---|---|---|---|
3 months old | 6 months old | Previous to AD | |
Anxiety | |||
Elevated plus maze | ↑ Anxiety-related behaviours | ↑ Anxiety-related behaviours | |
Open field | ↑ Anxiety-related behaviours | ↑ Anxiety-related behaviours | |
Working memory | ↓ Working memory ↓ Attention in patients with mild cognitive impairment before the AD diagnosis [57] | ||
Spontaneous alternations in Y-maze | = | ↓ | |
Recognition memory | ↓ Recognition discriminability as a prodromal AD [58] | ||
Short-term memory (NOR) | = | = | |
Long-term memory (NOR) | ↓ | ↓ | |
Spatial memory | ↓ Spatial navigation in preclinical AD cases [59] | ||
Left–right discrimination learning | ↓ | ↓ | |
Depression | |||
Tail suspension test | ↑ Despair-like behaviour only after stress | ↑ Despair-like behaviour | |
Locomotion | ↓ Walking speed in APOE4 carrier participants with mild cognitive impairment [60] | ||
Locomotor activity | ↑ | ↑ | |
Olfactory discrimination | ↓ Olfactory function before clinical manifestations of AD [61] | ||
Habituation–dishabituation test | = | ↓ (hyposmia) |