Fig. 9

Murine plasma GFAP concentrations are acutely elevated after a closed-head TBI. Male and female C57Bl/6 mice aged 3.5–5 months were anesthetized with isoflurane then exposed to a 2.5 J closed-head TBI with a CHIMERA device or to isoflurane without TBI (sham). Blood was collected by cardiac puncture 6 h or 2 d after the sham or TBI procedure and centrifuged to plasma. a Mean plasma GFAP concentrations of each group are plotted with points representing individual mouse plasma samples and error bars representing ±SD. Circles represent female mice and triangles represent male mice. The effects of injury and time after injury on plasma GFAP concentrations were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (exact p values below graph) followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons test (detailed within graph) where ****p < 0.0001. Correlations between plasma GFAP concentrations and b neurological severity score 2 h after sham or TBI procedure and c brain IL-6 concentrations were analyzed by Spearman correlation. Significant correlations are displayed below graphs with exact p values. TBI: traumatic brain injury, SD: standard deviation, IL-6: interleukin 6, CHIMERA: closed-head injury model of engineered rotational acceleration