Fig. 6

Microglial activation was reduced in AD mice that received EV treatment. Early-stage AD mice exhibited significantly increased numbers of CD68⁺ microglia in the a amygdala that were not significantly altered by EV treatment, and b no effect of disease or treatment was observed in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Late-stage AD mice showed significant increases in CD68⁺ immunoreactivity in the c amygdala and d mPFC that were ameliorated by EV treatment. Representative images of CD68 staining for late-stage mice qualitatively demonstrate these relative changes in e–g the amygdala of wild type, AD, and AD mice treated with EVs (WT, AD, AD+EV, respectively) and h–j the mPFC similarly (basal lateral amygdala, BLA; infralimbic cortex, IL; red, CD68; blue, DAPI nuclear counterstain). Data are presented as mean ± SEM (N = 4 mice/group). P values are derived from ANOVA and Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01  as compared to AD. Scale bar = 40 μm