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Table 3 Cognition, function, and quality of life data for completers who remained on protocol for both treatment periods and achieved sustained physiological ketosis (12-week mean beta-hydroxybutyrate level ≥ 0.6 mmol/L) during the ketogenic diet intervention, showing mean baseline scores and changes at weeks 6 and 12 (data shown by treatment period, by treatment sequence, and for all patients)

From: Randomized crossover trial of a modified ketogenic diet in Alzheimer’s disease

 

First treatment period

Second treatment period

All patients

Treatment effect

Ketogenic-usual diet (n = 10)

Usual-ketogenic diet (n = 8)

Ketogenic-usual diet (n = 10)

Usual-ketogenic diet (n = 8)

Ketogenic diet (n = 18)

Usual diet (n = 18)

Cognition (ACE-III)

Baseline

73.2 ± 14.3

68.3 ± 17.2

80.1 ±  14.4

66.0 ± 22.1

70.0 ±  18.0

74.8 ±  16.4

+ 2.56 ±  7.17 (P = 0.12)

Change at week 6

+ 4.90 ±  5.24

0.00 ±  4.41

+ 0.40 ±  4.03

0.00 ±  2.45

+ 2.72 ±  4.82

+ 0.22 ±  4.08

Change at week 12

+ 4.30 ±  4.55

−3.00 ±  4.93

− 0.10 ±  3.41

− 2.75 ±  5.95

+ 1.17 ±  6.20

−1.39 ±  4.29

Daily function (ADCS-ADL)

Baseline

69.1 ±  6.5

64.6 ±  8.7

69.6 ±  8.7

60.3 ±  16.2

65.2 ±  12.3

67.4 ±  8.8

+ 2.95 ±  5.22 (P = 0.037)

Change at week 6

+ 1.10 ±  3.90

− 1.00 ±  2.45

− 0.70 ±  2.58

+ 0.63 ±  2.39

+ 0.89 ±  3.23

−0.83 ±  2.46

Change at week 12

+ 0.70 ±  3.59

−4.13 ±  5.46

− 1.00 ±  2.79

+ 0.38±  3.66

+ 0.56 ±  3.52

− 2.39 ±  4.35

Quality of life (QOL-AD)

Baseline

35.4 ± 5.0

32.1 ±  5.8

36.9 ±  7.5

30.3 ±  8.2

33.1 ±  6.9

34.8 ±  7.1

+ 4.28 ±  7.27(P = 0.031)

Change at week 6

+ 0.10 ±  3.31

+ 1.00 ±  4.14

− 0.90 ±  7.91

+ 1.75 ±  5.65

+ 0.83 ±  4.44

−0.06 ±  6.41

Change at week 12

+ 3.50 ±  4.38

− 0.63 ±  6.93

− 0.70 ±  3.59

+ 3.75 ±  9.56

+ 3.61 ±  6.91

− 0.67 ±  5.16

  1. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation
  2. Treatment effects and P values refer to the difference between the ketogenic and usual diet mean within-individual change at week 12 (for all patients)
  3. ACE-III Addenbrookes Cognitive Examination – III, ADCS-ADL Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study - Activities of Daily Living, QOL-AD Quality of Life in Alzheimer’s Disease