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Table 2 Cognition, daily function, and quality of life data for all randomized patients, showing mean baseline scores and changes at weeks 6 and 12 (data shown by treatment period, by treatment sequence, and for all patients)

From: Randomized crossover trial of a modified ketogenic diet in Alzheimer’s disease

 

First treatment period

Second treatment period

All patients

Treatment effect

Ketogenic-usual diet (n = 13)

Usual-ketogenic diet (n = 13)

Ketogenic-usual diet (n = 13)

Usual-ketogenic diet (n = 13)

Ketogenic diet (n = 26)

Usual diet (n = 26)

Cognition (ACE-III)

Baseline

69.3 ±  15.2

71.1 ±  15.5

72.5 ±  20.3

70.3 ±  19.3

69.8 ±  17.0

71.8 ±  17.7

+ 2.12 ±  8.70 (P = 0.24)

Change at week 6

+ 2.82 ±  7.55

+ 0.46 ±  5.32

−1.96 ± 6.02

− 0.03 ±  2.49

+ 1.39 ±  5.69

− 0.75 ±  5.70

Change at week 12

+ 3.45 ±  4.44

− 1.77 ±  6.04

−1.92 ±  7.26

−2.90 ±  4.57

+ 0.28 ±  5.48

−1.84 ±  6.55

Daily function (ADCS-ADL)

Baseline

66.7 ± 7.7

65.8 ±  8.2

64.5 ±  13.2

62.3 ±  13.0

64.5 ±  10.7

65.2 ±  10.8

+ 3.13 ±  5.01 (P = 0.0067)

Change at week 6

+ 1.06 ±  3.53

− 0.85 ±  2.51

+ 0.04 ±  2.70

+ 0.30 ±  2.08

+ 0.68 ±  2.87

−0.40 ±  2.59

Change at week 12

+ 0.22 ±  3.63

−4.46 ±  4.58

− 1.54 ±  2.82

+ 0.04 ±  3.07

+ 0.13 ±  3.30

−3.00 ±  4.00

Quality of life (QOL-AD)

Baseline

33.8 ±  5.6

33.9 ±  5.8

34.1 ±  8.5

31.8 ±  7.3

32.8 ±  6.4

34.0 ±  7.1

+ 3.37 ±  6.86 (P = 0.023)

Change at week 6

−0.26 ±  3.39

+ 0.46 ±  3.28

+ 0.43 ±  7.56

+ 1.71 ±  4.37

+ 0.73 ±  3.96

+ 0.45 ±  5.71

Change at week 12

+ 2.86 ±  4.64

−1.15 ±  5.41

+ 0.31 ±  3.68

+ 3.03 ±  7.52

+ 2.95 ±  6.12

−0.42 ±  4.60

  1. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation
  2. Regarding withdrawals, all data up to the point of withdrawal are shown, with regression imputation used to calculate values for the week(s) post-withdrawal
  3. Treatment effects and P values refer to the difference between the ketogenic and usual diet mean within-individual change at week 12 (for all patients)
  4. ACE-III Addenbrookes Cognitive Examination – III, ADCS-ADL Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study - Activities of Daily Living, QOL-AD Quality of Life in Alzheimer’s Disease