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Table 2 Effects of the exercise interventions on physiological measures and cognitive composite scores

From: High-intensity exercise and cognitive function in cognitively normal older adults: a pilot randomised clinical trial

 

Raw mean change from baseline (95% CI)

Time*Group (ITT)

Unstandardized B (standard error)

High-intensity (n = 33)

Moderate-intensity (n = 34)

Control (n = 32)

Baseline to 6 months

All timepoints

VO2peak (ml/kg/min)

3.67 (0.72)**

0.35 (0.38)

 6

5.40 (4.00, 6.81)

3.02 (1.79, 4.25)

0.55 (− 0.67, 1.77)

 18

0.78 (− 0.62, 2.18)

− 1.43 (− 2.78, − 0.08)

− 0.99 (− 2.85, 0.86)

Peak power (Watts)

27.33 (4.24)**

3.18 (2.51)

 6

37.2 (29.4, 45.1)

29.5 (20.6, 38.4)

1.60 (−3.12, 6.33)

 18

7.2 (− 0.6, 15.1)

0.14 (−6.56, 6.85)

− 9.59 (− 16.7, − 2.43)

% Body fat

− 0.80 (0.37)*

− 0.09 (0.23)

 6

−1.04 (− 1.83, − 0.25)

− 0.48 (− 1.05, 0.10)

0.00 (− 0.64. 0.63)

 18

1.73 (0.39, 3.07)

2.64 (1.85, 3.44)

1.97 (0.70, 3.24)

Global Cognitive composite

− 0.04 (0.07)

− 0.02 (0.03)

 6

0.11 (− 0.03, 0.24)

0.19 (0.09, 0.28)

0.13 (− 0.02, 0.27)

 18

0.18 (0.05, 0.30)

0.21 (0.07, 0.34)

0.23 (0.08, 0.38)

Executive function composite

0.00 (0.09)

0.02 (0.04)

 6

0.17 (− 0.00, 0.34)

0.31 (0.14, 0.49)

0.13 (− 0.03, 0.30)

 18

0.30 (0.12, 0.47)

0.31 (0.06, 0.56)

0.18 (0.00, 0.35)

Episodic memory composite

0.02 (0.11)

− 0.04 (− 0.04)

 6

0.19 (− 0.04, 0.43)

0.15 (− 0.00, 0.30)

0.13 (− 0.07, 0.34)

 18

0.20 (− 0.04, 0.43)

0.25 (0.07, 0.44)

0.32 (0.12, 0.53)

Attention composite

0.01 (0.15)

− 0.03 (0.05)

 6

− 0.17 (− 0.50, 0.15)

0.11 (− 0.12, 0.35)

− 0.22 (− 0.48, 0.04)

 18

− 0.09 (− 0.30, 0.13)

− 0.02 (− 0.26, 0.23)

− 0.10 (− 0.33, 0.13)

  1. n = 99. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001. Baseline to 6 months is pre- to immediately post-intervention. ‘All timepoints’ includes the full study period of baseline, 6 months, and an 18-month follow-up (i.e. 12 months post-intervention). Abbreviations: CI confidence intervals, ITT intention-to-treat analyses, VO2peak peak aerobic capacity (fitness measurement). All models include age, gender, and years of education as covariates