| Monolinguals | Bilinguals | Group effects | Time effects | Interaction effects |
---|
Time 1 | Time 2 | Time 1 | Time 2 | F-score1 | F-score2 | F-score3 |
---|
MMSE | 26.8 (2.73) | 25.7 (3.02) | 27.7 (2.13) | 27.1 (3.02) | 1.46 | 5.87* | 0.68 |
FAQ | 3.80 (2.96) | 5.40 (4.47) | 3.07 (1.49) | 5.40 (2.92) | 0.15 | 9.15* | 0.42 |
Boston | 9.53 (1.68) | 8.87 (2.36) | 9.93 (1.03) | 9.40 (1.12) | 0.70 | 7.74* | 0.09 |
Phonetic fluency | 14.0 (8.34) | 6.73 (2.79) | 11.2 (3.73) | 9.13 (1.81) | 0.02 | 14.74* | 4.19* |
Semantic fluency | 21.4 (16.3) | 10.0 (3.05) | 13.6 (5.41) | 9.60 (1.55) | 2.56 | 15.92* | 3.45 |
WLA | 10.0 (3.09) | 9.73 (3.31) | 8.47 (1.36) | 9.13 (2.03) | 1.74 | 0.75 | 0.90 |
WLR | 0.87 (0.83) | 0.53 (0.64) | 1.00 (0.65) | 1.13 (0.52) | 3.39 | 0.49 | 2.51 |
Remote memory | 8.80 (2.01) | 9.13 (1.64) | 9.47 (1.13) | 9.93 (1.03) | 2.71 | 1.54 | 0.06 |
Clock-drawing | 7.50 (2.28) | 6.29 (2.46) | 7.40 (1.30) | 6.73 (1.03) | 0.08 | 9.39 | 0.73 |
- Cells in the table indicate the groups’ means (standard deviation in parenthesis) for each neuropsychological test at time 1 and time 2. Two participants (1 bilingual and 1 monolingual) did not complete the neuropsychological evaluation at time 2. Thus, the table shows statistics excluding these participants (N = 30; 15 bilinguals and 15 monolinguals)
- MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, FAQ Functional Activities Questionnaire, WLA word list acquisition, WLR word list recall
- *p < 0.05 uncorrected
- 1The main effect of bilingualism estimated by means of a two-way mixed ANOVA, including time as within-subject factor and bilingualism as between-subject factor
- 2The main effect of time estimated by means of a two-way mixed ANOVA, including time as within-subject factor and bilingualism as between-subject factor
- 3The interaction effect between time and bilingualism estimated by means of an ANCOVA model, including time as within-subject factor, bilingualism as between-subject factor, and time between explorations (in months) as covariate of no interest