Fig. 1

TSA treatment improved recognition memory and spatial learning and memory of APP/PS1 mice. a Schematic of the NORT. b The percentage of time exploring two identical objects (object 1 and object 2) during familiarization phase. c Novel object recognition index (NOI) during test phase in NORT. d Plots showing the changes of escape latency of mice to find the hidden platform during place navigation training phase. *vs WT + vehicle, #vs APP/PS1 + vehicle. e Histograms showing the percentage of swimming time of mice spent in the target quadrant. f Histograms showing the number of platform crossing in the probe test. g Representative trajectories of each group in the probe test. n = 9–10 in each group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ^#p < 0.05