Table 2 BACE1 blood-based biomarkers
BACE1 activity (method) | Antibody | Substrate | Clinical study | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
ELISA | Synthetic peptide substrates containing the β-cleavage site (Calbiochem, EMD, Gibbstown, NJ, USA) [59] | Shen et al. [36] | Plasma BACE1 activity significantly increased by 53.2% in MCI and by 68.9% in AD compared to HC | |
ELISA | Synthetic substate-C-terminally labeled with the fluorescent, Luciferase Yellow, and N-terminally labeled with the quenching, Dabsyl | Cervellati et al. [35] | Increased BACE1 activity in serum of AD | |
ELISA | Biotinylated detector mAb, diluted in a buffer adapted for the plasma matrix | Kit-based assay EQ 6541–9601-L; Euroimmun AG, Lübeck, Germany [18] | Vergallo et al. [37] | Plasma BACE1 significantly higher in women than in men in cognitively healthy individuals at clinical risk for AD |
Solution-based platelet BACE1 assay | Fluorogenic substrate (Calbiochem, BACE1 substrate I) | Johnston et al. [39] | 17% increase in platelet membrane BACE1 activity in AD compared to HC | |
Solution-based platelet BACE1 assay | Fluorescence-quenching substrate (Calbiochem, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) | Bermejo-Bescós et al. 2013 [40] | No significant difference in BACE1 activity between MCI and HC | |
Solution-based platelet BACE1 assay | Fluorogenic substrate (Sigma A1472 or Bachem M2465) | Wongchitrat et al. [44] | Baseline platelet membrane BACE1 activity not significantly different between MCI vs HC | |
Immunoassay | Immunoassay kit (CUSABIO, USA) | Vakilian et al. [45] | Elevated plasma levels of BACE1 in AD vs HC | |
RNA expression analysis | Real-time quantitative RT-PCR | Ghafouri-Fard et al. [50] | BACE1 levels significantly high in bipolar disorder | |
RNA expression analysis | Real-time quantitative RT-PCR | Nafisi-Far et al. [51] | BACE1 levels significantly high in schizophrenia |