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Table 1 Clinical and demographic characteristics of patient groups and their biomarker values

From: Differential diagnostic value of total alpha-synuclein assay in the cerebrospinal fluid between Alzheimer’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies from the prodromal stage

  

DLB

N = 67

AD

N = 65

AD+DLB

N = 13

   

Pro-DLB

N = 51

DLB-d

N = 16

Pro-AD

N = 33

AD-d

N = 32

Pro-AD/DLB

N = 2

AD/DLB-d N = 11

CSf

N = 21

Test statistic, P

Post hocg

Age, yearsa

 

66.2 (9.0)

75.4 (7.0)

71.1 (8.0)

70.8 (8.2)

77.5 (4.9)

77.3 (6.3)

68.5 (9.0)

H = 19.88, P = .0013

Pro-DLB < DLB-d and AD/DLB-d P < 0.05

Gender (F/M)

 

27/24

12/4

15/18

20/12

1/1

6/5

11/10

χ2 = 4.677, P = .4566

 

MMSE scoreb

 

27.3 (2.4)

21.0 (4.0) (1ND)

26.4 (2.7)

21.4 (4.3)

26.5 (2.1)

20.7 (3.4)

26.9 (2.3)

H = 80.34, P < .0001

Pro and CS > d

Hallucinationsc, i

 

68.6%

56.3%

12.5% (1ND)

32.3% (1ND)

50%

63.6%

33.3%

χ2 = 29.99 P < .0001

 

Fluctuationsc, j

 

83.3% (3ND)

75.0%

9.7% (2ND)

38.7% (1ND)

100%

90.9%

38.1%

χ2 = 55.04, P < .0001

 

Parkinsonism

Rigidity

0/1/2/3/4

24/29/1/0/0 (2ND)

3/7/5/1/0

27/5/1/0/0

23/8/1/0/0

0/2/0/0/0

2/9/0/0/0

11/8/0/2/0

H = 37.99, P < .0001

pro-DLB > pro-AD and AD-d; DLB-d > pro-AD and AD-d; AD/DLB-d > pro-AD

Akinesia

0/1/2/3/4

22/22/6/0/0 (2ND)

3/8/3/2/0

29/4/0/0/0

27/4/1/0/0

0/2/0/0/0

2/7/1/1/0

17/2/2/0/0

H = 46.15, P < .0001

CS < DLB-d and AD/DLB-d; pro-DLB > pro-AD and AD-d; DLB-d and AD/DLB-d > pro-AD and AD-d

Tremor at rest

0/1/2/3/4

32/15/1/0/0 (3ND)

11/5/0/0/0

30/3/0/0/0

30/1/0/0/0 (1ND)

1/1/0/0/0

9/2/0/0/0

19/2/0/0/0

H = 16.87, P < .0048

Pro-DLB > AD-d

RBDc, k

 

43.8% (3ND)

43.8%

6.1%

19.4% (1ND)

0%

27.3%

33.3%

χ2 = 16.99, P = .00045

 

Hippocampi atrophyd

0/1/2/3/4

Left hippocampus

23/15/6/5/1 (1ND)

1/4/7/1/3

3/19/8/2/0 (1ND)

5/9/12/2/1 (3ND)

1/0/0/1/0

0/6/4/0/1

10/4/4/2/0 (1ND)

H = 21.00, P = .0008

DLB-d > CS and pro-DLB

Right hippocampus

23/17/8/1/1 (1ND)

2/6/3/1/4

5/18/8/1/0 (1ND)

7/12/8/1/1 (3ND)

1/0/0/1/0

0/6/4/0/1

8/6/6/0/0 (1ND)

H = 16.68, P = .0051

 

FCSRTe

 

22% (1ND)

71.4% (2ND)

78.1% (1ND)

93.5%

(1ND)

50%

100% (1ND)

30.0% (1ND)

χ2 = 62.7, P < .0001

 

CSF biomarkersh

t-Tau (ng/L)

271 [108]

306 [108]

630 [339]

628 [231]

582 [486]

627 [307]

265 [93]

H = 88.14

P < .0001

CS, pro-DLB, DLB-d < pro-AD, AD-d, AD+DLB-d

P-Tau (ng/L)

43 [15]

47 [14]

91 [33]

81 [22]

76 [58]

92 [44]

43 [17]

H = 90.34

P < .0001

CS, pro-DLB, DLB-d < pro-AD, AD-d, AD+DLB-d

Aβ42 (ng/L)

911 [292]

742 [268]

642 [299]

518 [571]

688 [194]

437 [181]

1002 [256]

H = 59.30

P < .0001

CS, pro-DLB > pro-AD, AD-d, AD+DLB-d

t-α-synuclein

118 [49]

112 [62]

197 [77]

183 [114]

145 [29]

187 [86]

141 [57]

H = 35.55

P < .0001

Pro-DLB < pro-AD and AD-d; DLB-d < pro-AD

Aβ40 assays

DLB

N = 34

AD

N = 25

AD+DLB

N = 6

   

Pro-DLB

N = 28

DLB-d

N = 6

Pro-AD

N = 16

AD-d

N = 9

Pro-AD/DLB

N = 1

AD/DLB-d N = 5

CSf

N = 11

  

Aβ40 (ng/L)

9081 [2320]

8303 [2681]

13,892 [6575]

10,293 [3891]

22,700

12,423 [4468]

11,308 [4825]

H = 10.08

P = 0.0731

 

Aβ42/Aβ40

0.107 [0.035]

0.107 [0.048]

0.052 [0.021]

0.051 [0.022]

0.036

0.039 [0.005]

0.102 [0.029]

H = 42.13

P < .0001

CS and pro-DLB > pro-AD, AD-d, AD+DLB-d; DLB-d > AD+DLB-d

  1. CDR clinical dementia rating, MMSE Mini-Mental Status Examination, N number, RBD rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, FCSRT Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test
  2. aAge at time of lumbar puncture and cognitive evaluation. Mean (standard deviation)
  3. bMean (standard deviation)
  4. cPercentage
  5. dAccording to [18]
  6. ePercentage of deficient patients
  7. fThe group included patients suffering from depression (n = 1); neurosis (n = 1); vascular dementia and depression (n = 1), sleep apnea syndrome and primary age-related tauopathy (PART) (n = 1), vascular MCI and sleep apnea syndrome (n = 1), traumatic brain injury and left parietal meningeal hemorrhage (n = 1), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) (n = 1); Gougerot-Sjögren’s syndrome (n = 1); fronto-insular low-grade glioma (n = 1); cognitive impairment due to diabetes (n = 1); temporo-insular cavernoma (n = 1); vascular dementia and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) (n = 1); temporal epilepsy (n = 2); progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) (n = 3); vascular dementia (n = 1); primary age-related tauopathy (PART) (n = 2); and stroke (n = 1)
  8. gKruskal-Wallis post hoc test (H)
  9. hCSF biomarkers at time of cognitive evaluation. Mean [standard deviation]
  10. iThe Hallucinations Parkinson’s disease-associated psychotic symptoms questionnaire was used to evaluate the presence of hallucinations [48]
  11. jFluctuations were assessed with the Mayo Clinic Fluctuations Scale [49]
  12. kRBD was evaluated using a questionnaire based on the article by [50]