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Table 1 Demographic information of the study participants at baseline (n = 14,066) and comparison between those did and did not develop dementia during the follow-up period

From: Subjective cognitive decline, anxiety symptoms, and the risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia

Variable

Overall sample (n = 14,066)

Participants who did not develop MCI or dementia (n = 11,781)

Participants who developed MCI or dementia

(n = 2285)

p valuea

Age, median (IQR)

71 (65–77)

70 (65–76)

76 (70–82)

< 0.001

Years of education, median (IQR)

16 (14–18)

16 (14–18)

16 (13–18)

< 0.001

Male sex, n (%)

4852 (34.5)

3956 (33.6)

896 (39.2)

< 0.001

Ethnicity, n (%)

   

< 0.001

 White

11,105 (78.9)

9225 (78.3)

1880 (82.3)

 

 African American

1967 (14.0)

1680 (14.3)

287 (12.6)

 

 Others/unknown

994 (7.1)

876 (7.4)

118 (5.2)

 

APOE e4 carrier, n (%)

3240 (23.0)

2537 (21.5)

703 (30.8)

< 0.001

Current smoker, n (%)

676 (4.8)

560 (4.8)

116 (5.1)

0.510

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

1666 (11.8)

1399 (11.9)

267 (11.7)

0.800

Hypertension, n (%)

6781 (48.2)

5568 (47.3)

1213 (53.1)

< 0.001

Hyperlipidemia, n (%)

6888 (49.0)

5751 (48.8)

1137 (49.8)

0.410

MMSE score, median (IQR)

29 (28–30)

29 (29–30)

29 (28–30)

< 0.001

GDS score, median (IQR)

1 (0–2)

1 (0–2)

1 (0–2)

< 0.001

History of depression, n (%)

3720 (26.4)

3107 (26.4)

613 (26.8)

0.650

Use of antidepressants, n (%)

2666 (19.0)

2227 (18.9)

439 (19.2)

0.730

Use of anxiolytics, n (%)

1659 (11.8)

1410 (12.0)

249 (10.9)

0.150

Presence of anxiety symptoms, n (%)

1270 (9.0)

1017 (8.6)

253 (11.1)

< 0.001

Presence of SCD, n (%)

3809 (27.1)

2969 (25.2)

840 (36.8)

< 0.001

  1. MCI mild cognitive impairment, IQR interquartile range, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, SCD subjective cognitive decline
  2. aTest of difference between participants with and without longitudinal follow-up data: chi-square test for categorical variables, and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables. Bold-faced p values are ≤ 0.05