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Table 3 Application of MSC-derived EVs in Alzheimer’s disease

From: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome: a promising alternative in the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease

Source

Extraction method

Administration scheme

Results

Ref.

hucMSC

ExoQuick

Male 7 months old AβPP/PS1 mice 30 μg/100 μl, i.v., every 2 weeks, four times

Alleviate neuroinflammation and Aβ deposition

[111]

ADSCs

Ultracentrifuge

Co-culture N2a cells with ADSCs in serum-free medium for 2–3 days

Carry active NEP

Decrease Aβ levels

[112]

RVG-BM-MSC

Ultracentrifuge

7-month-old APP/PS1 mice; B6C3-Tg 5 × 1011 /100 μl, i.v. monthly for 4 months

Improve learning and memory capabilities

Reduce plaque deposition

Normalize inflammatory cytokine levels

[72]

BM-MSC

Ultracentrifuge

APP/PS1 mice 100 μg/5 μl, i.c.v., once per 2 days for 2 weeks

Alleviate iNOS expression

Improve cognitive behavior

Reduce synaptic impairment and LTP

[113]

PC-BM-MSC

ExoQuick

7-month-old APP/PS1 mice 150 μg/80 μl, i.v., biweekly for 4 months

Improve learning and memory capabilities

Restore synaptic dysfunction

Regulate inflammatory responses

[114]

hMSC

Ultracentrifuge

hippocampal cells incubated with HMSC-EVs (6 × 108 particles) for 22 h, add AβOs (500 nM) for 2 h

Rescue oxidative stress

Block synapse damage

Carry active catalase

[115]

BM-MSC

Ultracentrifuge

Co-culture MSC-exo with hippocampal neurons in serum-free medium for 24 h, add AβOs (500 nM) for 6 h/24 h

Protect neurons against AβO-induced oxidative stress and synapse damage

[116]

ADSCs

Ultracentrifuge + ExoQuick

Incubate NSCs from TG2576 mice with ADSC-exo (200 μg/mL) for 24/48 h

Reduce Aβ levels and neuronal apoptosis

[117]

BM-MSC

Ultracentrifuge

5-month-old APP/PS1 mice 22.4 μg/4 μL, i.c.v.

Reduce Aβ burden and the amount of dystrophic neurites

Carry neprilysin

[118]

hUMSCs

Ultracentrifuge

Nine-month-old male APP/PS1 mice 2 mg/ml, i.c.v., continuously at 0.25 μL/h for 14 days

Reduce Aβ generation, inflammation and oxidative stress

Inhibit microglia activity

Improve spatial learning and memory function

[119]

  1. hucMSC human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, ADSCs human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells, CM conditioned medium, hMSC human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells, BM-MSC bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, RVG rabies viral glycoprotein, LTP long-term potentiation, i.v. intravenous injection, i.c.v. intraventricular injection, PC hypoxia-preconditioned, AβOs amyloid beta oligomers, NSCs neuronal stem cells