From: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome: a promising alternative in the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease
Source | Body fluid | Isolation methods | Validation techniques | Direction of protein change | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neuronal | Plasma | EXOQ + anti-L1CAM immunocapture | TEM, NTA | ADC and AD: P-T181-tau, P-S396-tau, and Aβ1–42 ↑, NRGN, REST ↓ compared to CNC and stable MCI patients | [53] |
Neurally | Plasma or serum | EXOQ + anti-NCAM immunocapture | NTA | AD: total Tau, P-T181-tau, P-S396-tau and Aβ1–42 ↑compared to controls FTD: P-T181-tau and Aβ1–42 ↑ compared to controls | [54] |
Neuronal | Plasma or CSF | EXOQ + anti-NCAM immunocapture | TEM, WB | AD: Aβ42, T-tau, and P-T181-tau ↑ compared to aMCI and control groups The level of each exosomal biomarker was highly correlated with that in CSF | [55] |
Neuronal | Plasma | EXOQ + anti-L1CAM immunocapture | NTA, TEM, WB | AD and FTD: synaptophysin, synaptopodin, synaptotagmin-2, and neurogranin ↓ compared to controls AD: GAP43, synapsin 1 ↓ synaptotagmin, synaptophysin, and neurogranin were correlated with MMSE or ADAS-cog | [56] |
Neurally | Plasma | EXOQ + anti-L1CAM immunocapture | NTA | AD: cathepsin D, LAMP-1, ubiquitinylated proteins ↑, and HSP70 ↓ compared to controls and FTD | [57] |
Neuronal | Plasma | EXOQ + anti-L1CAM immunocapture | NTA, TEM, WB | AD:NPTX2, NRXN2α, AMPA4, NLGN1 ↓ Preclinical period: NRXN2α, AMPA4, and NLGN1 ↓ compared to controls | [58] |
Astrocyte | Plasma | EXOQ + anti-ACSA-1 immunocapture | NTA, TEM, WB | AD: complement proteins, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β ↑; complement regulatory proteins (CD59, CD46, DAF), complement receptor type 1 ↓ compared to controls | [59] |
Astrocyte | Plasma | EXOQ + anti-ACSA-1 immunocapture | NTA | AD: BACE-1, (s)APPβ ↑, GDNF ↓ compared to controls FTD: compared to controls n. d. | [60] |