Fig. 4

NJK14047 treatment from 6 to 9 months of age downregulates neuroinflammation in the cortex and hippocampus. a, b Representative confocal microscope images of mouse brain sections stained with a Iba-1 antibody for labeling microglia and b GFAP antibody for labeling astrocytes. Iba-1- and GFAP-positive cell counts per square millimeter were measured. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (scale bar = 100 μm, n = 5 per group, one-way ANOVA). c Relative mRNA expression levels of M1 and M2 microglial markers were measured using qRT-PCR. Total mRNA was extracted in the mouse cortex and hippocampus. The mRNA expression levels were normalized to GAPDH and represented as the fold change with respect to the mean of the control group with SD (n = 5–6 per group, Kruskal-Wallis test). ^#P < 0.05 vs. wild type; *P < 0.05 vs. 5XFAD