Table 2 Human studies discussed in the present review
From: Are ketogenic diets promising for Alzheimer’s disease? A translational review
Study 1st author (ref) | Population | Mean age (SD) | Intervention | N | Design | FU | Outcomes | Positive outcomes (intervention group) | Plasma KB levels | Nutritional changes | Side effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fortier [28] | MCI | 75.4 (6.6) | KS vs placebo | 52 | RCT | 26 | MMSE, MoCa, brain PET imaging | Imaging (but not cognition) | Yes | Stable weight | No adverse effect |
Ota [29] | Mild-moderate AD | 73.4 (6.0) | KS vs control | 20 | RCT | 12 | Memory, executive function | Cognition | Yes | Unassessed | Unassessed |
Torosyan [30] | Mild-moderate AD | 79.9 (9.2) | KS vs control | 14 | RCT | 6 | Brain PET imaging | Imaging | No | Unassessed | Unassessed |
Taylor [31] | MCI or AD dementia | 73.1 (9.0) | KS | 15 | No control group | 12 | ADAS-cog, MMSE, feasibility | Cognition | Yes | Stable weight, cholesterol, glucose | Unassessed |
Abe [32] | Nursing home residents | 86.6 (4.8) | KS + vitD + leucine vs vitD leucine vs control | 38 | RCT | 12 | MMSE | Cognition | No | Improved muscle mass and function | Unassessed |
Ota [33] | 60+ adults no dementia | 66.1 (2.9) | KS vs placebo | 19 | Crossover, RC | 0 | Memory, executive function | Cognition | Yes | Unassessed | Unassessed |
Ohnuma [34] | Mild moderate AD | 63.9 (8.5) | KS vs control | 22 | RCT | 12 | MMSE | None | Yes | Unassessed | Unassessed |
Rebello [35] | MCI | Not available | KS vs control | 6 | RCT | 24 | ADAS-cog, TMT, DST | Inconclusive | Yes | Stable weight | No adverse effect |
Krikorian [36] | MCI | 70.1 (6.2) | KD vs CD | 23 | RCT | 6 | Executive function, memory | Cognition | No (urinary tests) | Weight loss | No adverse effect |
Henderson [37] | Mild-moderate AD | 76.9 (7.9) | KS vs placebo | 152 | RCT | 12 | ADAS-cog, ADCS-CGIC | Cognition | Yes | Unassessed | Frequent GI symptoms |
Reger [38] | MCI or AD dementia | 74.7 (6.7) | KS vs placebo | 20 | Crossover, RC | 0 | ADAS-cog, MMSE, word recall, Stroop | Cognition | Yes | Unassessed | Unassessed |