Fig. 2

Cognitive impairment in APP/PS1xdb/db mice was ameliorated by EMP treatment. a EMP treatment significantly improved the performance in the NOD test for all paradigms under study (“what” [F_{(7, 207)} = 2.88], “where” [F_{(7, 208)} = 3.17], “when” [F_{(7, 214)} = 3.79]; ^##p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, and APP/PS1-EMP; ^††p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, APP/PS1-EMP, db/db, and db/db-EMP; ^‡‡p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, APP/PS1-EMP, db/db-EMP, and APP/PS1xdb/db-EMP). b In the MWM, EMP treatment reduced acquisition times in APP/PS1, db/db, and APP/PS1xdb/db mice (day 1 [F_{(7, 298)=}3.85], day 2 [F_{(7, 288)} = 14.33], day 3 [F_{(7, 280)} = 13.27], day 4 [F_{(7, 284)} = 18.24]; **p < 0.001 vs. the rest of the groups; ^††p < 0.001 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, APP/PS1-EMP, and db/db-EMP; ^╫╫p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, and APP/PS1-EMP; ^₸₸p < 0.01 vs. control and control-EMP). c EMP ameliorated the impairment observed along retention 1 (24 h);, however no statistical differences were detected among the groups [F_{(7, 69)} = 1.65, p = 0.134]. On retention 2 (72 h), reduced cognitive abilities in db/db and APP/PS1xdb/db mice were reversed by EMP treatment [F_{(7, 68)} = 4.40, ^‡‡p < 0.001 vs. control and control-EMP] (control n = 11, control-EMP n = 13, APP/PS1 n = 10, APP/PS1-EMP n = 10, db/db n = 9, db/db-EMP n = 10, APP/PS1xdb/db n = 5, APP/PS1xdb/db-EMP n = 9)